Concept explainers
To analyze:
The calculation of the number of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that is generated by the aerobic oxidation of a glucose molecule, first by taking glycerol phosphate shuttle and then by assuming the malate–aspartate shuttle into operation.
Introduction:
The aerobic oxidation of glucose involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC (electron transfer chain). Energy is released in the form of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation where NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2(reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) are converted into ATP molecules. The earlier values are taken where one NADH results in the synthesis of three molecules of ATP and one FADH2 result in the synthesis of two molecules of ATP.
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Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
- Some enzymes can catalyze a reaction involving NADH but cannot catalyze a reaction that uses NADPH. Why may this be? When the substrate concentration is below the Km for an enzyme, what “order” will best explain thereaction? Explain.The cells that line the intestine have a transporter called GLUT5. While it can transport both fructose and glucose but has a much lower Km for fructose. Describe a physiological situation where the GLUT5 transporter is transporting fructose and glucose at the same rate. [consider using a graph to support your answer]arrow_forwardAnaerobic glycolysis of glucose potentially produces a fewer number of ATPs per glucose moleculein red blood cells than in muscle cells, because -Red blood cells contain bisphosphoglycerate mutase -Red blood cells lack phosphoglycerate kinase -Red blood cells do not have mitochondria -Red blood cells do not have a nucleus Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited? -Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decrease -Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liver -Both A and B -Neither A nor Barrow_forwardHow many total moles of ATP are created in a cell with an ATP synthase with 8 c subunits for every 28 moles of glucose that is completely oxidized in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? Assume that NADH is transported by the malate aspartate shuttle.arrow_forward
- In terms of aerobic cellular respiration, explain how the irreversible steps of glycolysis and krebs, work in concert with oxidative phosphorylation (i.e., ETC and ATP synthase) to regulate the energy charge of the cell? Why do hepatocytes make more ATP from glucose than myocytes?arrow_forwardConcerning the process of the aerobic fate of glucose oxidation, which of the following statements is false? a. The spontaneous movement of protons is coupled to the unfavorable movement of electrons through the electron transport chain b. Pyruvate is recognized by a pyruvate/proton symporter for movement into the matrix of the mitochondria c. The matrix of the mitochondria is more negative than the inner membrane space d. Mitochondria contain two membranes, only the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly selective for what passes across it e. The movement of protons through ATP synthase drive the production of ATParrow_forwardupon digestion of starch maltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of maltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. question: 7. what is the total number of all NADH molecules produced after complete oxidation?arrow_forward
- In glycolysis, the KM value of hexoquinase is 0.04 mM. At physiological conditions, the cellular concentration of glucose is between 4 mM to 15 mM. According with this information, which of the following statements is true (Choose all that are correct) The enzyme has a low affinity for its substrate The enzme is working at its maximum velocity The phosphorilation of glucose is very slow The small value of KM assures that glycolysis will continue even when the concentration of glucose drops below 4 mM. The hexoquinase is saturated with glucosearrow_forwardConsider a cell with ATP synthase deficiency (Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components). In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) Total net ATParrow_forwarda. Starting with acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, how many ATP molecules are needed to synthesize a 14 C fatty acid? A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12 b. How many FADH2 molecules will be obtained from the complete oxidation of Myristic acid to CO2 ? A. 13 B. 11 C. 15 D. 17 c. If the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid result in the production of 82 ATP molecules, how many ATP molecules will be obtained from a mono-unsaturated fatty acid of similar length? A. 80.5 B. 82 C. 84.5 D. 83.5arrow_forward
- How would the ATP yield per glucose molecule be different if enzyme specificity forced FADH2 to be used in place of NADH throughout aerobic metabolism?arrow_forwardLeigh syndrome is characterized by psychomotor regression: that is, the progressive loss of mental andmovement abilities. Patients also suffer from lacticacidosis, a condition in which mitochondrial respiration is deficient, so their tissues metabolize glucoseanaerobically, leading to the buildup of lactate. Somepatients with Leigh syndrome have a mutation in themitochondrial gene MT-CO3, which encodes a subunit of the electron transport complex cytochromec oxidase. Other patients diagnosed with Leigh syndrome have a loss-of-function mutation in the nucleargene SURF1, which encodes a factor needed for theassembly of this same enzyme complex.a. How can the same symptoms result from mutationsin a mitochondrial gene and from mutations in anuclear gene?arrow_forward(a) Starting with one molecule of glucose, how many ATPs are produced during (I) aerobic and (II) anaerobic respiration? (b) In chemiosmotic (oxidative) phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP and what the driving force for the ATP formation through ATP synthase?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning