Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Chiral carbon in L-DOPA has to be identified and the reason for why L-DOPA is effective against the muscular rigidity and the tremors related with Parkinson’s disease whereas D-DOPA is not has to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Drugs: Drugs are molecules which are taken from an external source to change the normal functioning of the body. The action of drug is in molecular level and the design of many drugs are in such a way that it mimics a particular neurotransmitter or hormone. Drugs bind with receptors showing an increased or decreased effect.
Receptors: Receptors is a molecule or a part of molecule which interacts with a neurotransmitter, a hormone or other molecules which are biochemically active so that a response is initiated in a target cell.
Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.
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Chemistry In Context
- Which of these two contains a stereocenter? Draw the structure on your answer sheet and mark the stereocenter with an asterisk.arrow_forwardConsider the two Fischer projections shown . They are NOT of the same molecule. Explain why the molecules shown are NOT the same? Describe how the groups of a Fischer projection are positioned in the ACTUAL molecule (Are the molecules flat in real life, or three-dimensional in real life? If three-dimensional, where exactly are the Hs and OHs positioned when one interprets these projections? Describe why the second molecule is not simply the first molecule flipped over (like a pancake).arrow_forwardDraw a 3-D structure of a molecule with a molecular formula of C4H9Cl containing one chiral center and draw its mirror image.arrow_forward
- Draw the Fischer projection for structure I. Circle each chiral group in structure II.arrow_forwardPlease mark the chiral centers and encircle the sp2 carbonsarrow_forward1. If life arose by “chemical evolution” (which is supposed to be new chemical compounds arising by random chance), what should be the proportion of each of the L- and D-enantiomers present in chiral compounds produced by random chance? How does this match with what we see in living systems? What conclusion can you make from this about the likelihood of life arising by “chemical evolution?" 2. Why does chirality make a difference when new medications are developed? What is an ethical way of addressing this concern in the development process? What is the connection with the way the body is designed?arrow_forward
- What is Chirality? What is a Superimposable mirror image? What is a Nonsuperimposable mirror images? What is an Achiral molecule? What is a Chiral molecule? Give 3 Examples of a Chiral organic molecule. What is an optically active compound? Briefly explain dextrorotatory and levorotatory compoundarrow_forwardDraw one regioisomer and one stereoisomer and assign R/S for chiral centers. Galantamine Structurearrow_forwardShown below is Streptomycin, and Neomycin B. Circle and label as many functional groups in these molecules as you can. a. Label each chiral carbon in Streptomycin. How many total stereoisomers exist for Streptomycin? b. Label each chiral carbon in Neomycin B. How many total stereoisomers exist for Neomycin B?arrow_forward
- Need help identifying stereocentersarrow_forward1. Discuss the clinical significance of detecting abnormal total protein and albumin levels in the following body fluids: serum - urine - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - synovial fluid - pleural fluid -arrow_forwardConsiderthe image below. a. Draw the mirror image of structure I and label it as structure II.b. Are I and II chiral?c. What kind of stereocenters do they represent?arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning