Concept explainers
Many people take ginkgo supplements advertised to improve memory. Are these over-the-counter supplements effective? In a study reported in the paper “Ginkgo for Memory Enhancement” (Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 835–840), elderly adults were assigned at random to either a treatment group or a control group. The 104 participants who were assigned to the treatment group took 40 mg of ginkgo three times a day for 6 weeks. The 115 participants assigned to the control group took a placebo pill three times a day for 6 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, the Wechsler Memory Scale (a test of short-term memory) was administered. Higher scores indicate better memory
Based on these results, is there evidence that taking 40 mg of ginkgo three times a day is effective in increasing
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 13 Solutions
Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis
- A researcher conducted a medical study to investigate whether taking a low-dose aspirin reduces the chance of developing colon cancer. As part of the study, 1,000 adult volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Half of the volunteers were assigned to the experimental group that took a low-dose aspirin each day, and the other half were assigned to the control group that took a placebo each day. At the end of six years, 15 of the people who took the low-dose aspirin had developed colon cancer and 26 of the people who took the placebo had developed colon cancer. At the significance level α = 0.05, do the data provide convincing statistical evidence that taking a low-dose aspirin each day would reduce the chance of developing colon cancer among all people similar to the volunteers?arrow_forwardThe following is an abstract from the journal Exceptional Children (O’Connor, White, & Swanson, 2007): Abstract: This research evaluated two methods to improve the reading fluency of struggling readers. Poor readers in grades 2 and 4 with (n = 17) and without (n = 20) learning disabilities were randomly assigned to one of two fluency practice variations or to a control group. Students in the treatments practiced reading aloud under repeated or continuous reading conditions with an adult listener in 15-min sessions, 3 days per week for 14 weeks. For students in the treatment conditions, growth curve analyses revealed significant differences in fluency and reading comprehension over students in the control. We found no significant differences between practice conditions. Consider the following elements in this study: (1) poor readers (2) students in grades 2 and 4 (3) students with and without learning disabilities (4) reading aloud with an adult listener or not (5) repeated or…arrow_forwardIn its January 25, 2012, issue, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported on the effects of overconsumption of low, normal, and high protein diets on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition. Researchers conducted a single blind, randomized controlled trial of 25 U.S. adults. The subjects were healthy, weight-stable, male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years. All subjects consumed a weight-stabilizing diet for 13 to 25 days. Afterwards, the researchers randomly assigned participants to diets containing various percentages of energy from protein: 5% (low protein), 15% (normal protein), or 25% (high protein). The subjects were not aware of the specific protein level diet to which they were assigned. On these diets the researchers overfed the participants during the last 8 weeks of their 10 to 12 week stay in the inpatient metabolic unit. The goal was to investigate the effect of overconsumption of protein on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body…arrow_forward
- A consumer advocacy group wanted to study whether different airline carriers differed in terms of their delayed flights. In particular, the researchers were interested in the relationship between p1, the proportion of Alpha Airlines flights that were delayed at least 15 minutes, and p2, the proportion of Beta Airlines flights that were delayed at least 15 minutes. A random sample of 1,000 Alpha flights and a separate random sample of 1,000 Beta flights found that 67 of the Alpha fights and 160 of the Beta flights were delayed at least 15 minutes. The conditions for inference were checked and verified. Does this set of samples provide strong evidence that Alpha Airlines has a smaller proportion of flights that are delayed at least 15 minutes than Beta Airlines, at the α = 0.05 significance level? Find the z-table here. A. The test statistic is z = –6.56 and the P-value ≈ 0. Since the P-value ≈ 0 < 0.05, there is not sufficient evidence that Alpha Airlines has fewer delayed…arrow_forwardAnother experiment involving processor speed (Sp) and size of random access memory (RAM) for computers produced the following data Sp1 Sp2 RAM 1 48 37 38 35 37 39 RAM 2 30 35 31 22 26 30 Are the factors Sp and RAM or their interaction statistically significant?arrow_forwardDo well-rounded people get fewer colds? A study on the Chronicle of Higher Education was conducted by scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia. They found that people who have only a few social outlets get more colds than those who are involved in a variety of social activities. Suppose that of the 276 healthy men and women tested, n1=96 had only a few social outlets and n2=105 were busy with six or more activities. When these people were exposed to a cold virus, the following results were observed: Construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the two population proportions.arrow_forward
- An article from the American Journal of Public Health reports the results from a randomized study designed to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention targeted to Hispanic/Latino men who identify as gay, bi-sexual or other men who have sex with men (MSM). A representative sample of 254 such men was randomized to be in either the intervention group (n=152, with 141 ultimately participating in the study) or the control group (n=152, with 147 ulitmately participating in the study). The primary outcome under study getting tested for HIV within the six-months following group assignment (randomization) among those who had been sexually active in this same six-month follow-up period. At six months of follow-up, 141 subjects in the intervention group reported having had sex (with men and/or women) since randomization. Of these 141 men, 114 had been tested for HIV since being randomized. At six months of follow-up, 147 subjects in the control group reported having had sex (with men…arrow_forwardIn a study of the effectiveness of a new device that supports a weak or damaged heart, 150 people who consented to treatment were assigned at random to either a standard treatment consisting of drugs or the experimental treatment that consisted of drugs and surgery to install the new device. After two years, 60% of the 67 patients who received the device had improved and 40% of the patients who received the standard treatment had improved. Does this data provide convincing evidence that the proportion of patients who recieved the experimental treatment who improved is higher than for the patients who received the standard treatment? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05. (Use pexperimental − pstandard ).A) State the null and alternative hypotheses. H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps ≠ 0 H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps < 0 H0: pe − ps = 0, HA: pe − ps > 0 B) Find the test statistic.z = C) What is the p-value?P-Value = D) State your conclusion in terms of…arrow_forwardIn randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, children were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 116 of 651 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced fever as a side effect. After the second dose, 73 of 532 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced fever as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced fever as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the α=0.10 level of significance? #1 Find the test statistic for this hypothesis test.arrow_forward
- A company manufactures cell phone chargers. In August, a random sample of 200 chargers were inspected, and 3 were found to be defective. The company manufactured 14,600 cell phone chargers in August. Based on the results from the sample, about how many cell phone chargers are expected to be defective out of all the chargers produced in August?arrow_forwardA study is made of residents in Phoenix and its suburbs concerning the proportion of residents who subscribe to Sporting News. A random sample of 90 urban residents showed that 12 subscribed, and a random sample of 97 suburban residents showed that 17 subscribed. Does this indicate that a higher proportion of suburban residents subscribe to Sporting News? Use a 1% level of significancearrow_forwardIn a study of the effectiveness of a fabric device that acts like a support stocking for a weak or damaged heart, 110 people who consented to treatment were assigned at random to either a standard treatment consisting of drugs or the experimental treatment that consisted of drugs plus surgery to install the stocking. After two years, 30% of the 60 patients receiving the stocking had improved and 24% of the patients receiving the standard treatment had improved. (Use a statistical computer package to calculate the P-value. Use pexperimental − pstandard. Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) z = ? P = ?arrow_forward
- Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL