Concept explainers
Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.
a. transformations | 1. requires supplements in medium for growth |
b. conjugation | 2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes |
c. transduction | 3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome |
d. lytic cycle | 4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains |
e.lysogeny | 5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact |
f. episome | 6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome |
g. auxotroph | 7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles |
h. pangenome | 8. transfer of naked DNA |
i. gene targeting | 9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “transformation.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.
Explanation of Solution
Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “conjugation.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.
Explanation of Solution
Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “transduction.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.
Explanation of Solution
Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.
Explanation of Solution
The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.
Explanation of Solution
Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “episome.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.
Explanation of Solution
Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.
Explanation of Solution
Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “pangenome.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.
Explanation of Solution
The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.
Explanation of Solution
Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
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- Researchers are designing several experiments to test the ability of Salmonella bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance. A culture of Salmonella bacteria is exposed to the same concentrations (200 mg/L) of an antibiotic for four days. The table shows the number of isolated resistant bacteria over a four-day period. Which of the following statements best explains these results? A - The bacteria were not affected by the antibiotic. B - After being exposed to the antibiotic, the bacteria altered their DNA. C - A new species of bacteria emerged after the antibiotics were introduced. D - Random mutations led some bacteria to be resistant and, over time, they increased in the population.arrow_forwardProvide a brief description behind your choice? Virus-mediated transfer of cellular genetic material from one bacterial cell to another by means of virus particles is called: (A) transduction (B) transposition (C) transformation (D) transfection One strand of double-stranded DNA is mutated, changing all cytosines to uracils. After one round of replication of the mutated DNA strand, the melting temperature of the resulting DNA will: (A) be higher (B) be lower (C) remain the same (D) be double The Southern blotting technique is used for: (A) the detection of RNA fragments onmembranes by specific radioactiveantibodies (B) the detection of DNA fragments onmembranes by a radioactive DNAprobe (C) the detection of proteins on membranesusing a radioactive DNA probe (D) the detection of DNA fragments onmembranes by specific radioactiveantibodies Superoxide dismutase is an important enzyme for maintenance of red blood cells and is defective insome neurodegenerative diseases. What…arrow_forwardWhen a bacteriophage accidentally incorporates a fragment of host DNA in its capsid and delivers it to another (living) bacterial cell, the process is called _____. transformation transduction conjugation speciationarrow_forward
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- What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell? a. a plasmid b. an electrophoresis gel c. a restriction enzyme d. polymerase chain reactionarrow_forwardReverse transcriptase assembles an ________ on an _______ template. a. mRNA; DNA c. DNA; ribosome b. cDNA; mRNA d. protein; mRNAarrow_forwardCloning Genes Is a Multistep Process In cloning human DNA, why is it necessary to insert the DNA into a vector such as a bacterial plasmid?arrow_forward
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