Concept explainers
a.
To determine:
The reason for Eq. 22.7 being true for the extreme case where
Introduction:
In some cases in a single pregnancy, two children are born. These children born in a single pregnancy are called twins. They can be monozygotic or dizygotic.
b.
To determine:
The reason for Eq. 22.7 being true for the extreme case where no phenotypic variations are caused because of genes.
Introduction:
Twins are those children that are born in the same pregnancy. If a single zygote splits into two to form two different embryos, then it is a case of monozygotic twins (MZ). On the other hand, if the embryos are formed by two fertilizations taking place in the same uterus, then the twins born are known as the dizygotic twins (DZ).
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 22 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- Suppose that in a population of Peacocks the phenotypic variance for tail length is 2.5 and the heritability for this trait is 0.4. From a long-term captive population you also have data from a line of completely inbred individuals. In this line the phenotypic variance among individuals is 0.50. Assume that there is no epistatic variance (VI) for this trait. Calculate the following: What is the additive genetic variance? What is the dominance genetic variance? What is the environmental variance? What is the broad-sense heritability (H2)?arrow_forwardIn the following table, average differences of height, weight,and fingerprint ridge count between monozygotic twins (rearedtogether and apart), dizygotic twins, and nontwin siblings arecompared: Based on the data in this table, which of these quantitative traitshas the highest heritability values?arrow_forwardA danger in computing heritability values from studiesinvolving genetically related individuals is the possibility that theseindividuals share more similar environments than do unrelatedindividuals. In the experiment shown in Figure 24.8, which dataare the most compelling evidence that ridge count is not causedby genetically related individuals sharing common environments?Explainarrow_forward
- Two inbred lines of beans are crossed with one another. In the F1 generation, the variance in bean weight is 15. When the F2 generation is self-crossed, the F2 generation has the same mean, with a variance of 60. What is the genetic variance of bean weight in this population?arrow_forwardA characteristic has a narrow-sense heritability of 0.6.a. If the dominance variance (VD) increases and all other variancecomponents remain the same, what will happen to narrow-senseheritability? Will it increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.b. What will happen to broad-sense heritability? Explain.c. If the environmental variance (VE) increases and all other variancecomponents remain the same, what will happen to narrow-senseheritability? Explain.d. What will happen to broad-sense heritability? Explain.arrow_forwardFigure 19-11 shows the expected distributions for thethree genotypic classes if the B locus is a QTL affectingthe trait value.a. As drawn, what is the dominance/additive (D/A)ratio?b. How would you redraw this figure if the B locus hadno effect on the trait value?c. How would the positions along the x-axis of thecurves for the different genotypic classes of the B locuschange if D/A = 1.0?arrow_forward
- Draw the expected phenotypic variance of a trait encoded by 5 genes with 25% environmental variance vs. a trait encoded by 5 genes with 2% environmental variance.arrow_forwardMany researchers have estimated the heritability of human traits by comparing the correlation coefficients of monozygotic and dizygotic twins (see pp. 731–732). One of the assumptions made in using this method is that monozygotic twin pairs experience environments that are no more similar to each other than those experienced by dizygotic twin pairs. How might this assumption be violated? Give some specific examples of how the environments of two monozygotic twins might be more similar than the environments of two dizygotic twins.arrow_forwardAssume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Upon further scrutiny of the pine beetles over generations, you discover that they have far more than 11 shades of green—in fact, they seem to have a continuous distribution of shades of green color. You take this population and breed them in two different locations: first in a terrarium in the lab, and then in a tree. In which of these two locations will you get a higher heritability value when you measure the variance of phenotypes in the next generation? a) Higher heritability value in the lab. b) The heritability value will be the same because the beetles are the same. c)Higher heritability value in the tree. d)The answer cannot be determined from the information given.arrow_forwardConsider a Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium population with an autosomal locus of 2 alleles, A1 and A2. If P(A1A2) = 8 * P(A1A1), what are the allele frequencies at the locus?arrow_forwardWhy are monozygotic twins who are reared apart so useful in the calculation of heritability?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning