Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure for malic acid needs to be drawn.
Concept Introduction:
The Lewis structure is drawn considering the arrangement if atoms in a molecule. The total number of valence electrons needs to be calculated first. The distribution of electrons takes place in such a way that all the atoms have complete octets. The lone pair of electrons or electrons not involved in the bonding are placed on the symbol of the atoms. The bonding electrons are represented by line or bond between the two atoms.
(b)
Interpretation:
The molecular shape of the atoms A to C needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The shape of the molecule around an atom can be determined from the VSEPR theory. According to this theory, the shape of the molecule depends on its geometry and number of lone pair of electrons around an atom.
The geometry of a molecule depends on its hybridization as follows:
Lone pairs | Bond pairs | Molecular geometry | Shape |
0 | 2 | Linear | Linear |
0 | 3 | Trigonal planar | Trigonal planar |
1 | 2 | Trigonal planar | Bent |
0 | 4 | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral |
1 | 3 | Tetrahedral | Trigonal pyramidal |
2 | 2 | Tetrahedral | Bent |
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
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