Concept explainers
a.
To determine:
The subunit structure of hemoglobin molecules marked X, Y, and Z.
Introduction:
Hemoglobin is an essential part of RBCs as it delivers oxygen to all the parts of the human body.
b.
To determine:
The normal condition that should increase the hemoglobin percentage in a newborn that is HbZ.
Introduction:
Hemoglobin refers to a protein in RBCs that carries oxygen throughout the body. The hemoglobin is made up of subunits known as heme, which gives the blood its red color.
c.
To determine:
The normal condition that should increase the hemoglobin percentage in an adult that is HbY.
Introduction:
A normal adult hemoglobin molecule consists of two alpha globins and two beta globins. Each globin surrounds an iron-containing a small molecular structure called heme group.
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Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- Antibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.arrow_forwardWhat does the protein beta globin do and how many beta globin genes are there?arrow_forwardGive a schematic diagram of how we can Treatment Thalassemia by using gene therapy? Please answer at your own words,please..arrow_forward
- Consider the genes that specify the structure of hemoglobin. Arrange the following events in the most likely sequence in which they would take place.a. Anemia is observed.b. The shape of the oxygen-binding site is altered.c. An incorrect codon is transcribed into hemoglobinmRNA.d. The ovum (female gamete) receives a high radiationdose.e. An incorrect codon is generated in the DNA of ahemoglobin gene.f. A mother (an X-ray technician) accidentally stepsin front of an operating X-ray generator.g. A child dies.h. The oxygen-transport capacity of the body is severelyimpaired.i. The tRNA anticodon that lines up is one of a typethat brings an unsuitable amino acid.j. Nucleotide-pair substitution occurs in the DNA of agene for hemoglobinarrow_forwardSickle-cell disease (often called sickle-cell anemia) is a disease that is caused by a mutation to the gene that is responsible for producing the protein hemoglobin. Remember that hemoglobin is a protein in the red blood cells which is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When a person possesses the mutated hemoglobin allele, their red blood cells take on an altered shape and this results in a variety of symptoms ranging from general weakening of the body, damage to the organs and even death. The sickle cell allele is recessive to the healthy allele, thus only individuals that are homozygous for the recessive allele will have sickle-cell disease. Individuals that are homozygous for the healthy allele, along with heterozygous, individuals will be physically healthy. Question: Given that this mutated allele will cause disease and death in individuals, what would you predict to occur to the frequency of this allele in the population? Explain.arrow_forwardThe physical foundation of sickle cell disease is caused by a hemoglobin mutation that is prone to polymerization as a consequence of a surface-exposed valine residue on the hemoglobin molecule. if it is true or untruearrow_forward
- Below is a primary sequence alignment between the wild-type hemoglobin protein, and the hemoglobin mutant that causes sickle-cell anemia. Please look at the alignment and select the correct answer below. wt_hemoglobin: MVHLTPEEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPK 60 sickle_cell: MVHLTPVEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPK 60 ****** ***************************************************** wt_hemoglobin: VKAHGKKVLGAFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFG 120 sickle_cell: VKAHGKKVLGAFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFG 120 ************************************************************ wt_hemoglobin: KEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVANALAHKYH 147 sickle_cell: KEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVANALAHKYH 147 Answers: A) The observed mutation is a negatively charged to a nonpolar amino acid. Such a change dramatically changes the local environment, causing the protein to mis-fold B) The observed mutation is a negatively charged to a polar amino acid. Such a change…arrow_forwarda. What are the major symptoms of sickle-cell anemia? b. Describe two other features of this disorder that you learned from the OMIM database and state where in the database you found this informationarrow_forwardThe H gene encodes an enzyme that modifies the base carbohydrate to which the A and B antigens attach. Genotype hh prevents the A and B antigens from attaching. Which of the genotypes below will result in bloodtype O based on this information? A) IAIA Hh B) IAi hh C) IBiHH D)IBiHh E) None of the options providedarrow_forward
- Download BLOSUM30 and BLOSUMB0 substitu- tion matrices and place them side by side on your computer screen. What are the differences between the two matrices? Why do you see these differences?arrow_forwardGive a schematic diagram of how we can Treatment Sickle Cell Anemia by using gene therapy? Please answer at your own words,please..arrow_forwardSickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder of individuals homozygous for a mutation of hemoglobin that causes their red blood cells to be sickle shaped and stiff under conditions of low pO2. Why is this disease life threatening?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning