Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The description of the conversion of D-glucose to a mixture of
Concept introduction:
舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
舧 Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
舧 Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
舧 Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
舧 A carbohydrate is a
舧 The pyranoses are a six-membered monosaccharide ring structure.
舧 Glycosides are carbohydrate acetals; they may be simple or complex. They are stable in a basic solution but produce sugar and alcohol in acidic solutions.
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Organic Chemistry
- When the gum of the shrub Sterculia setigera is subjected to acidic hydrolysis, one of the water-soluble components of thehydrolysate is found to be tagatose. The following information is known about tagatose:(1) Molecular formula C6H12O6(2) Undergoes mutarotation.(3) Does not react with bromine water.(4) Reduces Tollens reagent to give d-galactonic acid and d-talonic acid.(5) Methylation of tagatose (using excess CH3 I and Ag2O) followed by acidic hydrolysis gives1,3,4,5-tetra-O-methyltagatose.(a) Draw a Fischer projection structure for the open-chain form of tagatose.(b) Draw the most stable conformation of the most stable cyclic hemiacetal form of tagatosearrow_forwardHyaluronic acid, a component of connective tissue, is the fluid that lubricates joints. It is a polymer of alternating N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid subunits joined by β-1,3'-glycosidic linkages. Draw a short segment of hyaluronic acid.arrow_forward(a) Isoleucine has been prepared by the following sequence of reactions. Give the structure of compounds A through D isolated as intermediates in this synthesis.(b) An analogous procedure has been used to prepare phenylalanine. What alkyl halide would you choose as the starting material for this synthesis?arrow_forward
- Illustrate the treatment of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside with aqueous acid forms a mixture of α- and β-D-glucose and methanol ?arrow_forwardAn optically active D-aldopentose (A) produced an optically inactive alditol (B) upon treatment with H2/Pt. When the aldopentose (A) was subjected to a Ruff degradation, D-aldotetrose (C) was generated. The aldotetrose (C) gave an optically active aldaric acid (D) upon oxidation with HNO3. D-aldopentose (A) can be prepared from D-threose by a Killani Fischer synthesis. Propose structure of A through D.arrow_forwardTrimyristin, a solid fat present in nutmeg, is hydrolyzed to give one equivalent of glyceroland three equivalents of myristic acid. Give the structure of trimyristin.Tarrow_forward
- d-Xylose and d-lyxose are formed when d-threose undergoes a Kiliani–Fischer synthesis. d-Xylose is oxidized to an optically inactive aldaric acid,whereas d-lyxose forms an optically active aldaric acid. What are the structures of d-xylose and d-lyxose?arrow_forwardDraw the product that is expected when the β-pyranose form of compound A is treated with excess ethyl iodide in the presence of silver oxide. The following information can be used to determine the identity of compound A: The molecular formula of compound A is C6H12O6. Compound A is reducing sugar. When compound A is subjected to a Wohl degradation two times sequentially, Derythrose is obtained. Compound A is epimeric with D-glucose at C3. The configuration at C2 is R.EXPLAIN IN DETAIL.arrow_forwardBriefly outline how the enantiomers of phenylsuccinic acid will be separated from each other, starting from racemic phenylsuccinic acid to isolating (+)-phenylsuccinic acid. Explain the purpose of each step.arrow_forward
- Although ibuprofen is sold as a racemic mixture, only the S enantiomer acts as an analgesic. In the body, however, some of the R enantiomer is converted to the S isomer by tautomerization to an enol and then protonation to regenerate the carbonyl compound. Write a stepwise mechanism for this isomerization.arrow_forwardThalidomide is a chiral molecule and it was identified that the R-isomerproduced the sedative properties whereas the S-isomer produced the teratogenic effects.Identify the chiral centre in the thalidomide molecule and, using your knowledge of enolisation, illustrate mechanistically, and explain, why there would be no benefit to a patient taking the chirally pure R-isomer of the drug to avoid the sideeffects of the other enantiomer.arrow_forwardA chiral amine A having the R conguration undergoes Hofmann elimination to form an alkene B as the major product. B is oxidatively cleaved with ozone, followed by CH3SCH3, to form CH2 = O and CH3CH2CH2CHO. What are the structures of A and B?arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning