Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
1SQ2SQOrganisms require ______ and ______ to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. a. DNA; energy b. food; sunlight c. nutrients; energy d. DNA; cellsBy sensing and responding to change, organisms keep conditions in the internal environment within ranges that cells can tolerate. This process is called __________.DNA _____. a. guides form and function b. is the basis of traits c. is transmitted from parents to offspring d. all of the abovePeacock Butterfly Predator Defenses The photographs below represent the experimental and control groups used in the peacock butterfly experiment discussed in Section 1.6. See if you can identify the experimental groups and match them up with the relevant control group(s). Hint: Identify which variable is being tested in each group (each variable has a control). A Wing spots painted out B Wing spots visible; wings silenced C Wing spots painted out; wings silenced D Wings painted but spots visible E Wings cut but not silenced F Wings painted, spots visible; wings cut, not silenced Peacock butterfly experiment A With wings folded, a peacock butterfly resembles a dead leaf, so it is appropriately camouflaged from predatory birds. B When a predatory bird approaches, a butterfly flicks its wings open and closed, revealing brilliant spots and producing hissing and clicking sounds. C Researchers tested whether the wing-flicking and sound-making behaviors of peacock butterflies affected predation by blue tits (a type of songbird). Experimental Treatment Number of Butterflies Eaten Wing spots concealed 5 of 10 (50%) Wings silenced 0 of 8 (0%) Wing spots painted out and wings silenced 8 of 10 (80%) No treatment 0 of 9 (0%) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (2005) 272: 12031207. D The researchers painted out the spots of some butterflies, cut the soundmaking part of the wings on others, and did both to a third group; then exposed each butterfly to a hungry blue tit for 30 minutes. Results support only the hypothesis that peacock butterfly spots deter predatory birds. FIGURE 1.12 Testing the defensive value of two peacock butterfly behaviors.6SQ_________ is the transmission of DNA to offspring. a. Reproduction b. Development c. Homeostasis d. InheritanceA butterfly is a(n) ______ (choose all that apply). a. organism b. domain c. species d. eukaryote e. consumer f. producer g. prokaryote h. trait__________move around for at least part of their life.A bacterium is _______ (choose all that apply). a. an organism b. single-celled c. an animal d. a eukaryoteBacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are three ________.A control group is _______. a. a set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment b. the standard against which an experimental group is compared c. the experiment that gives conclusive resultsFifteen randomly selected students are found to be taller than 6 feet. The researchers concluded that the average height of a student is greater than 6 feet. This is an example of ________. a. experimental error b. sampling error c. a subjective opinion d. experimental bias14SQMatch the terms with the most suitable description. _____life a. if-then statement _____probability b. unique type of organism _____species c. emerges with cells _____hypothesis d. testable explanation _____prediction e measure of chance _____producer f. makes its own foodA person is declared dead upon the irreversible ceasing of spontaneous body functions: brain activity, blood circulation, and respiration. Only about 1 percent of a bodys cells have to die in order for all of these things to happen. How can a person be dead when 99 percent of his or her cells are alive?2CTWhy would you think twice about ordering from a restaurant menu that lists the specific epithet but not the genus name of its offerings? Hint: Look up Homarus americanus, Ursus americanus, Bufo americanus, Lepus americanus, Necator americanus, Lysichiton americanus, Leucoagaricus americanus. and Nicrophorus amcncanus.Once there was a highly intelligent turkey that had nothing to do but reflect on the world's regularities. Morning always started out with the sky turning light followed by the master's footsteps, which were always followed by the appearance of food. Other things varied, but food always followed footsteps. The sequence of events was so predictable that it eventually became the basis of the turkey's theory about the goodness of the world. One morning, after more than 100 confirmations of this theory, the turkey listened for the master's footsteps, heard them, and had its head chopped off. Any scientific theory is modified or discarded upon discovery of contradictory evidence. The absence of absolute certainty has led some people to conclude that "theories are irrelevant because they can change." If that is so, should we stop doing scientific research? Why or why not?In 2005, researcher Woo-suk Hwang reported that he had made immortal stem cells from human patients. His research was hailed as a breakthrough for people affected by degenerative diseases, because stem cells may be used to repair a persons own damaged tissues. Hwang published his results in a peer-reviewed journal. In 2006, the journal retracted his paper after other scientists discovered that Hwangs group had faked their data. Does the incident show that results of scientific studies cannot be trusted? Or does it confirm the usefulness of a scientific approach, because other scientists discovered and exposed the fraud?What atom has only one proton? a. hydrogen b. an isotope c. a free radical d. a radioisotopeA molecule into which a radioisotope has been incorporated can be used as a(n) ________ . a. compound b. tracer c. salt d. acid3SQ1DAAMercury Emissions by Continent By weight, coal does not contain much mercury, but we bum a lot of it. Several industries besides coal-fired power plants contribute substantially to atmospheric mercury pollution. FIGURE 2.12 shows mercury emissions by industry from different regions of the world in 2006. FIGURE 2.12 Global mercury emission, 2016. 2. Which industry tops the list of mercury emitters? Which industry is next on the list?3DAA4DAA4SQ5SQThe measure of an atoms ability to pull electrons away from another atom is called ________ . a. electronegativity b. charge c. polarityThe mutual attraction of opposite charges holds atoms together as molecules in a(n) ________ bond. a. ionic b. hydrogen c. polar covalent d. nonpolar covalentAtoms share electrons unequally in a(n) ________ bond. a. ionic b. hydrogen c. polar covalent d. nonpolar covalentA(n) ________ substance repels water. a. acidic b. basic c. hydrophobic d. polar10SQ11SQWhen dissolved in water, a(n) ________ donates H+; a(n) ________ accepts H+. a. acid; base b. base; acid c. buffer; solute d. base; bufferA ________ can help keep the pH of a solution stable. a. covalent bond b. hydrogen bond c. buffer d. pH14SQ15SQAlchemists were medieval scholars and philosophers who were the forerunners of modern-day chemists. Many spent their lives trying to transform lead (atomic number 82) into gold (atomic number 79). Explain why they never did succeed in that endeavor.Draw a shell model of a lithium atom (Li), which has 3 protons. Predict whether the majority of lithium atoms on Earth are uncharged, positively charged, or negatively charged.Polonium is a rare element with 33 radioisotopes. The most common one, 210Po, has 82 protons and 128 neutrons. When 210Po decays, it emits an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons). 210Po decay is tricky to detect because alpha particles do not carry very much energy compared to other forms of radiation. They can be stopped by, for example, a sheet of paper or a few inches of air. This property is one reason why authorities failed to discover toxic amounts of 210Po in the body of former KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko until after he died suddenly and mysteriously in 2006. What element does an atom of 210Po decay into after it emits an alpha particle?Some undiluted acids are not as corrosive as when they are diluted with water. That is why lab workers are told to wipe off splashes with a towel before washing. Explain.Organic molecules consist mainly of ______ atoms. a. carbon b. carbon and oxygen c. carbon and hydrogen d. carbon and nitrogen2SQ_______ groups are the acid part of amino acids and fatty acids. a. Hydroxyl (OH) b. Carboxyl (COOH) c. Methyl (CH3) d. Phosphate (PO4)4SQWhich three carbohydrates can be built using only glucose monomers? a. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen b. Glucose, sucrose, and ribose c. Cellulose, steroids, and polysaccharides d. Starch, chitin, and DNA e. Triglycerides, nucleic acids, and polypeptides6SQ7SQSteroids are among the lipids with no _________. a. double bonds b. fatty acid tails c. hydrogens d. carbonsWhich of the following is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules listed? a. triglycerides b. fatty acids c. waxes d. steroids e. lipids f. phospholipids1DAA2DAA3DAA4DAA________ are to proteins as _______ are to nucleic acids. a. Sugars; lipids b. Sugars; proteins c. Amino acids; hydrogen bonds d. Amino acids; nucleotidesA denatured protein has lost its _______ . a. hydrogen bonds b. shape c. function d. all of the above__________ consists of nucleotides. a. Ribose b. RNA c. DNA d. b and cIn the following list, identify the carbohydrate, the fatty acid, the amino acid, and the polypeptide: a. NH2CHRCOOH b. C6H12O6 c. (methionine)20 d. CH3(CH2)16COOHMatch the molecules with the best description. _____wax a. protein primary structure _____starch b. an energy carrier _____triglyceride c. water-repellent secretions _____DNA d. carries heritable information _____polypeptide e. sugar storage in plants _____ATP f. richest energy sourceMatch each polymer with the component monomers. _____protein a. phosphate, fatty acids _____phospholipid b. amino acids, sugars _____glycoprotein c. glycerol, fatty acids _____fat d. nucleotides _____nucleic acid e. glucose only _____wax f. sugar, phosphate, base _____nucleotide g. amino acids _____lipoprotein h. glucose, fructose _____sucrose i. lipids, amino acids _____glycogen j. fatty acids, carbon ringsLipoprotein particles are relatively large, spherical clumps of protein and lipid molecules (see Figure 3.18) that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are like suitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to another in the body. Given what you know about the solubility of lipids in water, which types of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathed in the water-based fluid portion of blood?In 1976, a team of chemists in the United Kingdom was developing new insecticides by modifying sugars with chlorine (Cl2), phosgene (Cl2CO), and other toxic gases. One young member of the team misunderstood his verbal instructions to test a new molecule. He thought he had been told to taste it. Luckily for him, the molecule was not toxic, but it was very sweet. It became the food additive sucralose. Sucralose has three chlorine atoms substituted for three hydroxyl groups of sucrose (table sugar): The altered sugar binds so strongly to the sweet-taste receptors on the tongue that the human brain perceives it as 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Sucralose was originally marketed as an artificial sweetener called Splenda, but it is now available under several other brand names. Researchers investigated whether the body recognizes sucralose as a carbohydrate by feeding sucralose labeled with 14C to volunteers. Analysis of the radioactive molecules in the volunteers urine and feces showed that 92.8 percent of the sucralose passed through the body without being altered. Some people are worried that the chlorine atoms impart toxicity to sucralose. How would you respond to that concern?Abnormal Motor Proteins Cause Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of a motor protein called dynein causes Kartagener syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Affected men can produce sperm but are infertile. Some have become fathers after a doctor injects their sperm cells directly into eggs. Review FIGURE 4.21 and FIQURE 4.24, then explain how abnormal dynein could cause the observed effects. FIGURE 4.24 Cross-section of the flagellum of a sperm cell from A a human male affected by Kartagener syndrome and B an unaffected male.All cells have these three things in common: ______. a. cytoplasm, DNA, and organelles with membranes b. a plasma membrane, DNA, and a nucleus c. cytoplasm, DNA, and a plasma membrane d. a cell wall, cytoplasm, and DNA2SQ3SQTrue or false? Some protists start out life with no nucleus.5SQTrue or false? Ribosomes are only found in eukaryotes.Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells__________. a. have no plasma membrane b. have RNA but not DNA c. have no nucleus d. a and cEnzymes. contalned in _______ break down worn-out organelles, bacteria, and other particles. a. lysosomes b. amyloplasts c. endoplasmic reticulum d. peroxisomesPut the following structures in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein: a. plasma membrane b. Golgi bodies c. endoplasmic reticulum d. post-Golgi vesiclesThe main function of the endomembrane system is: a. building and modifying proteins and lipids b. isolating DNA from toxic substances c. secreting extracellular matrix onto the cell surface d. producing ATP by aerobic respirationTrue or false? The plasma membrane is the outermost component of all cells. Explain.12SQWhich of the following organelles contains no DNA? a. nucleus b. Golgi body c. mitochondrion d. chloroplastNo animal cell has a ___________. a. plasma membrane b. flagellum c. lysosome d. cell wall15SQIn a classic episode of Star Trek, a gigantic amoeba engulfs an entire starship. Spock blows the cell to bits before it can reproduce. Think of at least one inaccuracy that a biologist would identify in this scenario.2CT3CTWhich of the following statements is not correct? a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. b. Energy cannot change from one form to another. c. Energy rends to disperse spontaneously.________ is lifes primary source of energy. a. Food b. Water c. Sunlight d. ATP3SQ4SQ5SQ______ are always changed by participating in a reaction. a. Enzymes b. Cofactors c. Reactants d. CoenzymesName one environmental factor that typically influences enzyme function.Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Metabolic pathways build or break down the organic molecules of life. b. All metabolic pathways generate heat c. Electron transfer chains are important sites of energy exchange in many metabolic pathways. d. All metabolic pathways require ATP.A molecule that donates electrons becomes ________, and the one that accepts the electrons becomes ________. a. reduced; oxidized b. ionic; electrified. c. oxidized; reduced d. electrified; ionicAll antioxidants ________. a. prevent other molecules from being oxidized. b. are coenzymes c. balance charge d. deoxidize free radicals11SQ12SQ13SQOne Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species or acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main constituent of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside- an abandoned California copper mine (FIGURE 5.36). These cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Oxidizing these minerals dissolves them, so groundwater that seeps in to the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which Lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroprasma were surprised to discover that most of the cells' enzymes function best at very low pH (FIGURE 5 .37). FIGURE 5.36 Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this Stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this view, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. The slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea Ferropiasma acidarmanus. FIGURE 5.37 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus enzymes. The graphs (right) show the pH activity profiles of four enzymes isolated from Ferroplasma. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells' cytoplasmic pH (5.0). 1. What does the dashed signify?One Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species or acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main constituent of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside- an abandoned California copper mine (FIGURE 5.36). These cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Oxidizing these minerals dissolves them, so groundwater that seeps in to the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which Lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroprasma were surprised to discover that most of the cells' enzymes function best at very low pH (FIGURE 5 .37). FIGURE 5.36 Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this Stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this view, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. The slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea Ferropiasma acidarmanus. FIGURE 5.37 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus enzymes. The graphs (right) show the pH activity profiles of four enzymes isolated from Ferroplasma. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells' cytoplasmic pH (5.0). 2. Of the four enzymes profiled in the graph, how many function optimally at a pH lower than 5? How many retain significant function at pH 5?One Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species or acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main constituent of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside- an abandoned California copper mine (FIGURE 5.36). These cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Oxidizing these minerals dissolves them, so groundwater that seeps in to the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which Lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroprasma were surprised to discover that most of the cells' enzymes function best at very low pH (FIGURE 5 .37). FIGURE 5.36 Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this Stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this view, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. The slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea Ferropiasma acidarmanus. FIGURE 5.37 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus enzymes. The graphs (right) show the pH activity profiles of four enzymes isolated from Ferroplasma. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells' cytoplasmic pH (5.0). 3. What is the optimal pH for ferroplasma carboxylesterase?Immerse a human red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, and water _______. a. diffuses into the cell b. diffuses out of the cell c. shows no net movement d. moves in by endocytosis15SQ16SQBeginning physics students are often taught the basic concept of thermodynamic with two phrases: First, you can never win. Second, you can never break even. Explain.Describe diffusion in terms or entropy.How do you think a cell regulates the amount of glucose it brings into its cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?The enzyme trypsin is sold as a dietary supplement. What happens to trypsin taken with food?Catalase combines two hydrogen peroxide molecules (H2O2 + H2O2) to make two molecules of water. A gas also forms. What is the gas?A cat eats a bird, which ate a caterpillar that chewed on a weed. Which organisms are autotrophs? Which ones are heterotrophs?Plants use__________ as an energy source to drive photosynthesis. a. sunlight b. hydrogen ions c. O2 d. CO2Most of the carbon dioxide that plants use for photosynthesis comes from ________. a. glucose b. the atmosphere c. rainwater d. photolysisWhich of the following statements is incorrect? a. Pigments absorb light of certain wavelengths only. b. Many accessory pigments are multipurpose molecules. c. Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs green light.5SQWhen a photosystem absorbs light, __________. a. sugar phosphates are produced b. electrons are transferred to ATP c. RuBP accepts electrons d. electrons are ejected from its special pair7SQWhat accumulates inside the thylakoid compartment of chloroplasts during the light-dependent reactions? a. sugars b. hydrogen ions c. O2 d. CO2The atoms in the molecular oxygen released during photosynthesis come from __________ molecules. a. glucose b. CO2 c. water d. O210SQ1DAAEnergy Efficiency of Biofuel Production Most of the plant material currently used for biofuel production in the United States consists of food cropsmainly corn, soybeans, and sugarcane. In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers grew a mixture of native perennial grasses without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. They measured the usable energy in biofuels made from the grasses, and also from com and soy, then measured the energy it took to grow and produce biofuel from each kind of crop (FIGURE 6.18). FIGURE 6 .18 Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops. One hectare is about 2 .5 acres. 2. Which of the biofuels tested had the highest ratio of energy output to energy input?Energy Efficiency of Biofuel Production Most of the plant material currently used for biofuel production in the United States consists of food cropsmainly corn, soybeans, and sugarcane. In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers grew a mixture of native perennial grasses without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. They measured the usable energy in biofuels made from the grasses, and also from com and soy, then measured the energy it took to grow and produce biofuel from each kind of crop (FIGURE 6.18). FIGURE 6 .18 Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops. One hectare is about 2 .5 acres. 3. Which of the three crops would require the least amount of land to produce a given amount of biofuel energy?The Calvin-Benson cycle starts when a. light is available b. carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP c. electrons leave a photosystem IIWhich of the following substances does not participate in the CalvinBenson cycle? a. ATP b. NADPH c. RuBP d. PGAL e. O2 f. CO2Closed stomata ________. a. limit gas exchange b. permit water loss c. prevent photosynthesis d. absorb lightIn C3 plants, ______ makes sugar production inefficient when stomata close during the day. a. photosynthesis b. photolysis c. photorespiration d. carbon fixationMatch each with its most suitable description. _____PGAL formation a. absorbs light _____CO2 fixation b. converts light to _____photolysis chemical energy _____ATP forms; NADPH c. self-feeder does not d. electrons cycle back _____photorespiration to photosystem I _____photosynthesis e. problem in C3 plants _____pigment f. ATP, NADPH _____autotroph required g. water molecules split h. rubisco function1CTWhile gazing into an aquarium, you see bubbles coming from an aquatic plant (left). What are the bubbles?AC3 plant absorbs a carbon radioisotope (as part of 14CO2). In which compound does the labeled carbon appear first? Which compound forms first if a C4 plant absorbs the same radioisotope?As you learned in this chapter, cell membranes arc required for electron transfer phosphorylation. Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts serve this purpose in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not have this organelle, but many are photosynthesizers. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions, given that they have no chloroplasts?Is the following statement true or false? Unlike animals, which make many ATP by aerobic respiration, plants make all of their ATP by photosynthesis.Glycolysis starts and ends in the ___. a. nucleus b. mitochondrion c. plasma membrane d. cytoplasmWhich of the following metabolic pathways require(s) molecular oxygen (O2)? a. aerobic respiration b. lactate fermentation c. alcoholic fermentation d. all of the aboveWhich molecule does not form during glycolysis? a. NADH b. pyruvate c. FADH2 d. ATP5SQWhich of the following reaction pathways is not part of the second stage of aerobic respiration? a. electron transfer phosphorylation b. acetyl-CoA formation c. Krebs cycle d. glycolysis e. a and d7SQ8SQ9SQMitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 1. In this study, which abnormality was most strongly associated with TF?Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 2. What percentage of the TF patients had mitochondria that were abnormal in size?Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 3. Can you make any correlations between blood oxygen content and mitochondrial abnormalities in these patients?10SQMost of the energy that aerobic respiration releases from glucose ends up in ______. a. NADH b. ATP c. heat d. electrons12SQ13SQ14SQMatch the term with the best description. _____ mitochondrial matrix a. needed for glycolysis _____ pyruvate b. inner space _____ NAD+ c. makes many ATP _____ mitochondrion d. product of glycolysis _____ NADH e. reduced coenzyme _____ anaerobic f. no oxygen required1CTAs you learned, membranes impermeable to hydrogen ions are required for electron transfer phosphorylation. Membranes in mitochondria serve this purpose in eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have this organelle, but they can make ATP by electron transfer phosphorylation. How do you think they do it, given that they have no mitochondria?3CTWhich is not a nucleotide base in DNA? a. adenine b. guanine c. glutamine d. thymine e. cytosine f. All are in DNA.What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? a. A-G, T-C b. A-C, T-G c. A-T, G-CVariation in _____ is the basis of variation in traits. a. karyotype b. the DNA sequence c. the double helix d. chromosome numberOne species' DNA differs from others in its _______ a. nucleotides b. DNA sequence c. sugar-phosphate backbone d. all of the above5SQ6SQ7SQWhen DNA replication begins, ______. a. the two DNA strands unwind from each other b. the two DNA strands condense for base transfers c. old strands move to find new strandsDNA replication requires _______. a. DNA polymerase b. nucleotides c. primers d. all are requiredHersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. Before blending what percentage of each isotope. 35S and 32P, was extracellular (outside the bacteria)?HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. After 4 minutes in the blender, what percentage of each isotope was extracellular?HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. How did the researchers know that the radioisotopes in the fluid came from outside of the bacterial cells and not from bacteria that had been broken apart by whirling in the blender?HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. The extracellular concentration of which isotope increased the most with blending?HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. Do these results imply that viruses inject DNA or protein into bacteria? Why or why not?Energy that drives the attachment of a nucleotide to the end of a growing strand of DNA comes from_______. a. ATP b. DNA polymerase c. the nucleotide d. a and cThe phrase "5 prime to 3 prime" refers to the ______. a. timing of DNA replication b. directionality of DNA synthesis c. number of phosphate groupsAfter DNA replication, a eukaryotic chromosome ______. a. consists of two sister chromatids b. has a characteristic X shape c. is constricted at the centromere d. all of the above13SQ14SQ15SQ1CTWoolly mammoths have been extinct for about 4,000 years, but we often find their well-preserved remains in Siberian permafrost. Research groups are now planning to use SCNT to resurrect these huge elephant-like mammals. No mammoth eggs have been recovered yet, so elephant eggs would be used instead. An elephant would also be the surrogate mother for the resulting embryo. The researchers may try a modified SCNT technique used to clone a mouse that had been dead and frozen for 16 years. Ice crystals that form during freezing break up cell membranes, so cells from the frozen mouse were in bad shape. Their DNA was transferred into donor mouse eggs, and cells from the resulting embryos were fused with undifferentiated mouse cells. Four healthy clones were born from the hybrid embryos. What are some of the pros and cons of cloning an extinct animal?Xeroderma pigmentosum is an inherited disorder characterized by rapid formation of many skin sores that develop into cancers. All forms of radiation trigger these symptoms, including fluorescent light, which contains UV light in the range of 320 to 400 nm. In most affected individuals, at least one of nine particular proteins is missing or defective. What is the collective function of these proteins?A chromosome contains many different genes that are transcribed into different ___ . a. proteins b. polypeptides c. RNAs d. a and bA binding .site for RNA polymerase is called a ___ . a. gene b. promoter c. codon d. proteinAn RNA molecule is typically ______; a DNA molecule is typically______. a. single-stranded; double-stranded b. double-stranded; single-strandedRNAs form by_____; proteins form by ________. a. replication; translation b. translation; transcription c. transcription; translation d. replication; transcriptionThe main function of a DNA molecule is to ________ . a. store heritable information b. carry a translatable message c. form peptide bonds between amino acids.The main function of an mRNA molecule is to ___ . a. store heritable information b. carry a translatable message c. form peptide bonds between amino acids7SQ1DAA2DAA3DAA4DAA8SQAnticodons pair with ___ . a. mRNA codons b. DNA codons c. RNA anticodons d. amino acidsUp to ______ amino adds can be encoded by an mRNA that consists of 45 nucleotides plus a stop codon. a. 15 b. 45 c. 90 d. 13511SQ12SQ13SQEnergy that drives translation is provided mainly by_________. a. ATP b. amino adds c. GTP d. all are correctMatch the terms with the best description. __ genetic message a. protein-coding segment __ promoter b. KN A polymerase binding site __ polysome c. read as base triplets __ exon d. removed before translation __ genetic code e. occurs only in groups __ intron f. complete set of 64 codonsResearchers are designing and testing antisense drugs as therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy. The drugs are also being tes.ted to fight infection by deadly viruses such as Ebola. Antisense drugs consist of short RNA strands complementary in .sequence to mRNAs that form during the progression of a disease. How do you think these drugs work?An anticodon has the sequence GCG. What amino acid does this tRNA carry? What would be the effect of a mutation that changed the C of the anticodon to a G?Each position of a codon can be occupied by one of four nucleotides. What is the minimum number of nucleotides per codon necessary to specify all 20 of the amino acids that are found in proteins?4CTTranslate the .sequence of bases in the previous question, starting at the second base.Bacteria use the.same stop codons as eukaryotes. However, bacterial transcription is also terminated in places where the mRNA folds back on itself to form a hairpin-looped structure like the one shown at right How do you think that this structure stops transcription?The expression of a gene may depend on _______. a. the type of organism b. environmental conditions c. the type of cell d. all of the above2SQBinding of ______ to _______ in DNA can increase the rate of transcription of specific genes. a. activators; repressors b. activators; enhancers c. repressors; operators d. both a and b4SQ5SQMuscle cells differ from bone cells because ________. a. they carry different genes b. they use different genes c. both a and b7SQHomeotic gene products _______. a. flank a bacterial operon b. map out the overall body plan in embryos c. control the formation of specific body partsA gene that is knocked out is ________. a. deleted b. inactivated c. expressed d. either a or bWhich of the following includes all of the others? a. homeotic genes b. master genes c. SRY gene d. PAX611SQEffect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 1. Compare the mortality of girls whose paternal grandmothers ate well at age 2 with that of those who experienced famine at the same age. Which girl was more likely to die early? How much more likely was she to die?2DAAEffect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 3. There was no correlation between early death of a male child and eating habits of his paternal grandmother, hut there was a strong correlation with the eating habits of his paternal grandfather. What does this tell you about the probable location of epigenetic changes that gave rise to these data?12SQA cell with a Barr body is ___ . a. a bacterium b. a sex cell c. from a female mammal d. infected by the Barr virusOperons _____. a. only occur in bacteria b. have multiple genes c. involve selective gene expression15SQWhy are some genes expressed and some not?2CTAlmost all calico cats (one is pictured in FIGURE 10.7B) are female. Why? B When this calico cat was an embryo, one of the two X chromosomes was inactivated in each of her cells. The descendants of the cells formed her adult body, which is a mosaic for expression of X chromosome genes. Black fur arises in patches where genes on the X chromosome inherited from one parent are expressed; orange fur arises in patches where genes on the X chromosome inherited from the other parent are expressed. FIGURE 10.7 Animated X chromosome inactivation.The photos above show flowers from Arabidopsis plants. One plant is wild-type (unmutated); the other carries a mutation in one of its ABC floral identity genes. This mutation causes sepals and petals to form instead of stamens and carpels. Refer to Figure 10.8 to decide which gene (A, B, or C) has been inactivated by the mutation.HeLa Cells Are a Genetic Mess HeLa cells can vary in chromosome number. Defects in proteins that orchestrate cell division result in descendant cells with too many or too few chromosomes, an outcome that is one of the ha1lmarks of cancer cells. The panel of chromosomes in FIGURE 11.9, originally published in 1989, shows all of the chromosomes in a single metaphase HeLa cell. FIGURE 11.9 Karyotype of HeLa showing chromosomes in one cell. What is the chromosome number of this HeLa cell?HeLa Cells Are a Genetic Mess HeLa cells can vary in chromosome number. Defects in proteins that orchestrate cell division result in descendant cells with too many or too few chromosomes, an outcome that is one of the ha1lmarks of cancer cells. The panel of chromosomes in FIGURE 11.9, originally published in 1989, shows all of the chromosomes in a single metaphase HeLa cell. FIGURE 11.9 Karyotype of HeLa showing chromosomes in one cell. How many extra chromosomes does this cell have, compared to a normal human body cell?HeLa Cells Are a Genetic Mess HeLa cells can vary in chromosome number. Defects in proteins that orchestrate cell division result in descendant cells with too many or too few chromosomes, an outcome that is one of the ha1lmarks of cancer cells. The panel of chromosomes in FIGURE 11.9, originally published in 1989, shows all of the chromosomes in a single metaphase HeLa cell. FIGURE 11.9 Karyotype of HeLa showing chromosomes in one cell. Can you tell that this cell came from a female? How?1SQA duplicated chromosome has how many chromatids?3SQMost cells spend the majority of their lives in ______. a. prophase b. metaphase c. anaphase d. telophase e. interphase f. a and dThe spindle attaches to chromosomes at the _______. a. centriole b. contractile ring c. centromere d. centrosomeOnly _______ is not a stage of mitosis. a. Prophase b. metaphase c. interphase d. anaphaseIn intervals of interphase, G stands for ______. a. a gap b. growth c. Gey d. geneInterphase is the part of the cell cycle when _______. a. a cell ceases to function b. a cell forms its spindle apparatus c. a cell grows and replicates its DNA d. mitosis proceedsAfter mitosis the chromosome number of a descendant cell is ______ the parent cell's. a. the same as b. one-half of c. rearranged compared to d. double that of10SQ11SQ12SQMatch each term with its best description. __ cell plate a. lump of cells __ spindle b. made of microfilaments __ tumor c. divides plant cells __ cleavage furrow d. organize(s) the spindle __ contractile ring e. dangerous metastatic cells __ cancer f. made of microtubules __ centrosomes g. indentation __ telomere h. shortens with age14SQWhen a cell reproduces by mitosis and cytoplasmic division does its life end?The eukaryotic cell at left is in the process of cytoplasmic division. Is this cell from a plant or an animal? How do you know?Exposure to radioisotopes or other sources of radiation can damage DNA. Humans exposed to high levels of radiation face a condition called radiation poisoning. Why do you think that exposure to radiation is used as a therapy to treat .some kinds of cancers?Suppose you have a way to measure the amount of DNA in one cell during the cell cycle. You first measure the amount at the G1 phase. At what points in the rest of the cycle will you see a change in the amount of DNA per cell?One evolutionary advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction is that it produces ______. a. more offspring per individual b. more variation among offspring c. healthier offspringMeiosis is a necessary part of sexual reproduction because it _______. a. divides two nuclei into four new nuclei b. reduces the chromosome number for gametes c. produces clones that can cross overMeiosis _________. a. occurs in all eukaryotes b. supports growth and tissue repair in multicelled species c. gives rise to genetic diversity among offspring d. is part of the life cycle of all cellsSexual reproduction in animals requires ______. a. Meiosis b. Fertilization c. germ cells d. all of the aboveMeiosis ______ the parental chromosome number. a. doubles b. halves c. maintains d. mixes upDogs have a diploid chromosome number or 78. How many chromosomes do their gametes have? a. 39 b. 78 c. 156 d. 234The cell in the diagram to the right is in anaphase I, not anaphase II. I know this because __________.8SQ1DAA2DAA3DAA9SQCrossing over mixes up ______. a. chromosomes b. alleles c. zygotes d. gametesCrossing over happens during which phase of meiosis? a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase IIWhich of the following is one of the very important differences between mitosis and meiosis? a. Chromosomes align midway between spindle poles only in meiosis. b. Homologous chromosomes pair up only in meiosis. c. DNA is replicated only in mitosis. d. Sister chromatids separate only in meiosis. e. Interphase occurs only in mitosis.Match each term with the best description. __ interphase a. different forms of a gene __ metaphase I b. useful for varied offspring __ alleles c. none between meiosis I and meiosis II __ zygotes d. chromosome lineup __ gametes e. haploid __ males f. form at fertilization __ prophase I g. mash-up time________ contributes to variation in traits among the offspring of sexual reproducers. a. Crossing over b. Random attachment of chromosomes to spindle poles c. Fertilization d. both a and b e. all are factorsThe diploid chromosome number for the body cells of a frog is 26. What would that number be after three generations if meiosis did not occur before gamete formation?In your own words, explain why sexual reproduction tends to give rise to greater genetic diversity among offspring in fewer generations than asexual reproduction.Different populations of the tiny freshwater snails pictured in FIGURE 12.1 reproduce sexually, or asexually. Individuals of the sexual populations are diploid; those in asexual populations are diploid (3n, having three sets of chromosomes). Huge populations of asexual snails are disrupting ecosystems worldwide. Fertilizers and detergents contain a lot of phosphorus. So does DNA. Explain why you might expect to find more sexual snail populations in an unpolluted river, and more asexual ones in a river polluted by agricultural and urban runoff.Make a simple sketch of meiosis in a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 4. Now try it when the chromosome number is 3.A heterozygous individual has a _______ for a trait being studied. a. pair of identical alleles b. pair of nonidentical alleles c. haploid condition, in genetic termsAn organisms observable traits constitute its ______. a. phenotype b. variation c. genotype d. pedigree3SQThe second-generation offspring of a cross between individuals who are homozygous for different alleles of a gene are called the _______. a. F1 generation b. F2 generation c. hybrid generation d. none of the above5SQRefer to question 5. Assuming complete dominance, the F2 generation will show a phenotypic ratio of ________. a. 3:1 b. 9:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 9:3:3:1 Question No. 5 5. The offspring of the cross AA aa are ________. a. all AA b. all aa c. all Aa d. half are AA and half are aa7SQ8SQThe probability of a crossover occurring between two genes on the same chromosome ________. a. is unrelated to the distance between them b. decreases with increasing distance between them c. Increases with the distance between themTrue or false? All traits are inherited in a Mendelian pattern.11SQThe phenotype of individuals heterozygous for ________ alleles comprises both homozygous phenotypes. a. epistatic b. codominant c. pleiotropic d. hybrid13SQMatch the terms with the best description. ______ dihybrid cross a. bb ______ monohybrid cross b. AaBb AaBb ______ homozygous condition c. Aa ______ heterozygous condition d. Aa AaAssuming that independent assortment occurs during meiosis, what type(s) of gametes will form in individuals with the following genotypes? a. AABB b. AaBB c. Aabb d. AaBbRefer to problem 2. Determine the predicted genotype frequencies among the offspring of the fol1owing crosses: a. AABB aaBB b. AaBb AABb c. AaBb aa.bb d. AaBb AaBb Question No: 2 2. Assuming that independent assortment occurs during meiosis, what type(s) of gametes will form in individuals with the following genotypes? a. AABB b. AaBB c. Aabb d. AaBbRefer to problem 2. Assume a third gene has alleles C and c. For each genotype listed, what allele combinations will occur in gametes, assuming independent assortment? a. AABBCC b. AaBBcc c. AaBBCc d. AaBbCc4GPSuppose you identify a new gene in mice. One of its alleles specifies white fur, another specifies brown. You want to see if these alleles are inherited in a Mendelian pattern, or with incomplete dominance. What crosses would give you the answer?Mendel crossed a true-breeding pea plant with green pods and a true-breeding pea plant with yellow pods. All the F1 plants had green pods. Which color is recessive?Several alleles affect traits of roses, such as plant form and bud shape. Alleles of one gene govern whether a plant will be a climber (dominant) or shrubby (recessive). All F1 offspring from a cross between a true-breeding climber and a shrubby plant are climbers. If an F1 plant is crossed with a shrubby plant, about 50 percent of the offspring will be shrubby; 50 percent will be climbers. Using symbols A and a for the dominant and recessive alleles, make a Punnett- square diagram of the expected genotypes and phenotypes the cross between the F1 offspring and the shrubby plant.1DAA2DAA3DAAMutations in the TYR gene may render its enzyme producttyrosinasenonfunctional. Individuals homozygous for such mutations cannot make the pigment melanin. Albinism, the absence of melanin, results. Humans and many other organisms can have this phenotype (right). Mutated tyrosinase alleles are recessive when paired with the normal allele in heterozygous individuals. In the following situations, what are the probable genotypes of the father, the mother, and their children? a. Both parents have normal phenotypes; some of their children have the albino phenotype and others are unaffected. b. Both parents and children have the albino phenotype. c. The mother and three children are unaffected; the father and one child have the albino phenotype.In sweet pea plants, an allele for purple flowers. (P) is dominanl when paired with a recessive allele for red flowers (p). An allele for Jang pollen grains (L) is dominant when paired with a recessive allele for round pollen grains (L). Bateson and Punnett crossed a plant having purple flowers and long pollen grains with one having white flowers and round pollen grains. All F1 offspring have purple flowers and long pollen grains. Among the F2 generation, the researchers observed the following phenotypes: 296 purple flowers/long pollen grains 19 purple /lower/ round pollen grains 27 red flowers/long pollen grains 85 red flowers/round pollen grains What is the best explanation for these results?Red-flowering snapdragons are homozygous for allele RI. White-flowing snapdragons are homozygous for a different allele (R2). Heterozygous plants (R1 R2) bear pink flowers. What phenotypes should appear among first-generation offspring of the crosses listed? What are the expected proportions for each phenotype? a. R1R1 R1R2 b. R1R1 R2R2 c. R1R2 R1R2 d. R1R2 R2R2A single allele gives rise to the Hbs form of hemoglobin. Individuals who are homozygous for the allele (HbS/HbS) develop sickle-cell anemia (Section 9.6). Heterozygous individuals (HbA/HbS) have few symptoms. A couple who are both heterozygous for the HbS allele plan to have children. For each of the pregnancies, state the probability that they will have a child who is: a. homozygous for the HbS allele b. homozygous for the normal allele (HbA) c. heterozygous: HbA/HbSConstructing a pedigree is particularly useful when studying inheritance patterns in organisms that _______. a. produce many offspring per generation b. produce few offspring per generation c. have a very large chromosome number d. reproduce asexually e. have a fast life cycle2SQ3SQ4SQ5SQA trait that is present in a male child but not in either of his parents is characteristic of _______ inheritance. a. autosomal dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-Linked recessive d. It is impossible to answer this question without more information.Color blindness is a case of ______ inheritance. a. autosomal dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-Linked dominant d. X-Linked recessiveA female child inherits one X chromosome from her mother and one from her father. What sex chromosome does a male child inherit from each of his parents?1DAA