Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 10, Problem 116SCQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction the under given conditions the valence electrons present in the given compound should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons: The outermost electrons present in the compound other than the inner core electrons are denoted as valence electrons.  The valence electrons are responsible for the bond formation.

There are about 19 valence electrons present in the given compound.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

The given compound ClO2 contains two oxygen atoms and one chlorine atom. The atomic number of oxygen is 8 it says that there are about 6 valence electrons present in the outer most shell of each oxygen since arrangement of electrons around atom is as follows.

1s2,2s2 and 2p4.

Similarly the chlorine atom contains 7 valence electrons in its outer most shell which totally comprises of (7+2×6)19 valence electrons present in the given compound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction the under given conditions the valence electrons present in the given compound ClO2, the electrons dot structure, hybridization shape around the central atom present in the given compound, bond angle and the mass of ClO2 obtained under given reaction conditions should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lewis dot structure: It is the representation of chemical substance that how the valence are represented as dot and placed around the each atom present in the substance by considering the number of atoms with their valence electrons and number of bonds present in the given chemical substance.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 116SCQ

The electron dot structure for the given compound is as follows,

Explanation of Solution

The electron dot structure for the given ClO2 is drawn as follows,

  Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Chapter 10, Problem 116SCQ

There are two oxygen atoms and one chlorine atom present in the given compound.

The oxygen atom contains 8 electrons that is represented as follows, 1s2,2s2 and 2p4 which shows that it contains 6 valence electrons with it.

Similarly, the electrons present in the chlorine is represented as follows

1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2and3p5 shows that there are about 7 valence electrons with it.

Therefore, the chemical substance totally, has 20 valence electrons with it since addition of valence electrons present in the atom of the given compound says that.  There are 2 O atoms each with 6 valence electrons one chlorine atom with 7 valence electrons and one negative charge which denotes present of one extra electrons which totally equals to 20.

The valence electrons are represented as dot around each atom present in the compound such that each atom tends to exhibit stable configuration that is 8electrons in its valence shell.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction the under given conditions the angle and the mass of ClO2 obtained under given reaction conditions should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization refers to mixing of orbitals.  The orbitals of different atoms overlap with each other and form a set of new orbitals called hybrid orbitals.  The number of orbitals that are combined equal to the number of hybrid orbitals formed by combination.

An isolated atom remains in excited state and comes back to ground state.   In this situation, it is difficult for orbitals to hybridize.

Hybridization is a hypothetical concept.  It refers to mixing of atomic orbitals and the resultant orbitals formed are known as hybrid orbitals.  After hybridization, the orbitals cannot be distinguished individually.  Based on hybridization one can predict the geometry of the molecule though some deviations do exist.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 116SCQ

The chlorine atom in the given compound is found to be sp3

Explanation of Solution

The given compound contains chlorine with two oxygen atoms results to have two bonds with it.

The electronic configuration of Chlorine and oxygen is as follows,

Electronic configuration of chlorine is 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2and3p5 and that of oxygen is

  1s2,2s2 and 2p4.

ClO2 has chlorine at the center gets bonded with two terminal oxygen atoms.  The neutral Chlorine has one unpaired electron in its valence shell which accommodates one additional electron since there are totally three p-subshells where bonding occurs.  Oxygen can accommodate two additional electrons with it since it has only 4 electrons in its p sub shell.

The available orbitals that is s orbitals, one p orbital from chlorine and two p orbitals from oxygen atom gets hybridized and results to form new hybrid orbitals classified as sp3 and the hybridization around chlorine is found to be sp3.

The central chlorine in compound ClO2- contains two lone pair electrons and the repulsion between the two lone pairs are high which gives bent shape to the molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction the under given conditions the valence electrons present in the given compound ClO2, the electrons dot structure, hybridization shape around the central atom present in the given compound, bond angle and the mass of ClO2 obtained under given reaction conditions should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Bond angle: The angle formed between two bonds that is where two atoms gets bonded with the third central atom present.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 116SCQ

The species O3 will have larger bond angle compared to the other given compound ClO2-

Explanation of Solution

The central chlorine in compound ClO2- contains two lone pair electrons whereas the central atom oxygen in O3 one lone pair around which makes ClO2- bond angle less due to lone pair-lone pair repulsions between the lone pairs in ClO2- is greater than the repulsions present between the bond pair and lone pair in the other given compound O3 since repulsion follows the following order

lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair.

Therefore, O3 will have larger bond angle compared to the other given compound ClO2-

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given reaction the under given conditions the mass of ClO2 obtained under given reaction conditions should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Ideal gas equation:

Any gas is described by using four terms namely pressure, volume, temperature and the amount of gas.  Thus combining three laws namely Boyle’s, Charles’s Law and Avogadro’s Hypothesis the following equation could be obtained.  It is referred as ideal gas equation.

   nTPV = RnTPPV = nRTwhere,n = moles of gasP = pressureT = temperatureR = gas constant

Under some conditions gases don not behave like ideal gas that is they deviate from their ideal gas properties.  At lower temperature and at high pressures the gas tends to deviate and behave like real gases.

Boyle’s Law:

At given constant temperature conditions the mass of given ideal gas in inversely proportional to its volume.

Charles’s Law:

At given constant pressure conditions the volume of ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

Avogadro’s Hypothesis:

Two equal volumes of gases with same temperature and pressure conditions tend to have same number of molecules with it.

The relationship between partial pressure and Ptotal is

        Pi=χiPtotalwhere,Pi=partial pressureχi=molefractionPtotal=Totalpressure

(e)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 116SCQ

The mass of given compound formed is equal to 11.16g

Explanation of Solution

Given:

  Mass of NaClO2 = 15.6gPNaClO2=1050 mm Hg = 1050760=1.382atmV=1.45LT = 22oC = 273.15+22 = 295.15KMass of ClO2produced=?

First the given mass of NaClO2 is converted into moles as follows,

  moles =massmolar mass=15.6 g90.44 g/mol=0.1725moles

There are about 0.1725moles of NaClO2 present in the given amount.

Then, the amount of Cl2 gas is calculated as follows,

  PV = nRTn = PVRT=1.382atm×1.45L0.0821×295.15K=0.0827moles

Now, analyzing the given chemical equation it is evident that 2 moles of NaClO2 requires 1 mole of Cl2 hence one mole of NaClO2 need 12molesof Cl2. From the given value it is obvious that we have 0.1725moles of NaClO2 which means it requires

  0.1725×12 = 0.09 moles of Cl2.

Similarly, there are 0.0827 moles of Cl2 the given reaction says that 1 mole of Cl2 needs 2 moles of NaClO2 hence the given amount of Cl2 requires 0.0827×2 = 0.1654 moles of NaClO2.

Analyzing the above calculations we have only about 0.0827moles of Cl2 hence it acts as limiting reagent and the formation of ClO2 depends on the given amount of Cl2.

Examining the given chemical reaction show that 1 mole of Cl2 results to give 2 moles of ClO2.

Therefore, available amount of Cl2 gives 0.0827moles ×2 = 0.1654 moles of ClO2

  Moles =MassMolar massMass=Moles×Molar mass=0.1654moles×67.45g/mol=11.16g

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Chapter 10 Solutions

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

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