Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written. Concept introduction: Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1 -hexene is illustrated below.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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1. In which of the following tests/reagents would cyclohexene and hexane both yield a positive result? I. t-BuCl in AlCl3 II. Br2 in light III. Halogenation by I2 in KI IV. KMnO4 2. Which of the following is statements is/are TRUE about the experiment on the relative rates of electrophilic aromatic substitution?I. The experiment must be performed in dark conditions. II. Using the same solvents, a faster decolorization will be observed in aniline as compared to ethylbenzene. III. Chlorobenzene will react faster than methoxybenzene. IV. The use of AlCl3 in the halogenation of aromatic compounds using elemental bromine could hasten the reaction.

In two parts, outline the Electrophilic aromatic substitution for the nitration of benzene using nitric acid and sulfuric acid: A) In part I, using the curved arrow formalism, outline a mechanism for the formation of the nitronium ion, NO2+ starting from nitric acid, HNO3 and sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Do not forget to show all of the formal charges for each atom that is not zero in this mechanism. B) Starting from the nitronium ion that you generated in part “a” from above, outline the Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of this ion with benzene.

Show the mechanism of the formation of pyrrole-2-aldehyde. (Use arrows to show movement of electron/s)

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 5

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 6

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

Answer 7

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 1E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 3E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 4E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 5E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 6E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 7E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 8E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 9E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated by Markovnikov's Rule.

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