Concept explainers
Interpretation: To determine the reason why NADH and FADH2 molecules do not yield the same number of ATP molecules.
Concept introduction: Electron transport chain is a sequence of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen atoms from the citric acid cycle are transferred to various intermediate carriers and finally reacts with molecular oxygen to form a water molecule. The reaction of the formation of the water is:
There are four complexes associated with the electron transport chain that is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The four complexes that help in the electron transfer in the electron transport chain are:
Complex I:
Complex II:
Complex III:
Complex IV:
FADH2 is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid.
NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP.
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- Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP.List three locations in which ATP synthases are found.arrow_forwardAssuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)arrow_forwardIf each NADH generates 3 ATP molecules and each FADH2 generates 2 ATP molecules, calculate the number of ATP molecules generated from one saturated 10-carbon fatty acid.arrow_forward
- In Oxidative Phosphorylation (The electron transport chain) NADH in general produces more ATP than FADH2. Why is this?arrow_forwardIn the electron transport chain (ETC), the electrons carried by an NADH molecule have the potential energy to create 2.5 ATP molecules while the electrons carried by an FADH₂ molecule have the potential energy to create only 1.5 ATP molecules. Please explain why this happens.arrow_forwardWhat type of reaction is: NADH --> NAD+ + H+ + 2 e-arrow_forward
- Complete catabolism of one glucose molecule yields 38 ATP molecules. How many moles of ATP are produced by the complete catabolism of 10 moles of glucose?arrow_forwardFill in the missing numbers to complete the following statement regarding the pentose phosphate pathway. The oxidation of 6 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of ______ mol of pentose, ______ mol of NADPH and ______ mol of CO2.arrow_forwardGive all the reactions that will produce ATP either by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). If the given require a shuttle system, please indicate both MA shuttle and GP shuttle and give the ATP produced. Given: glucose 6-phosphate to 2succinly CoAarrow_forward
- Which step(s) of cellular respiration would be directly inhibited by high concentrations of NADH? How would this affect other steps of cellular respiration?arrow_forwardArrange the sequence of events in Oxidative Phosphorylation. (1-5) As the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase it'll provide the power to make the ATP synthase to turn. As it turns, a phosphate group is added to an ADP, forming a proton gradient-energy as ATP. With the help of a channel protein called ATP synthase, these H* ions are transferred back to the matrix. The electrons are passed to another electron carrier called cytochrome C (cyt C), which carries the = electrons to enzyme complex IV. Here, the last batch of H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. Enzyme complexes I and Il then transport the electrons through ubiquinone (Q), a mobile electron carrier. Q is reduced to QH, in the process and delivers the electrons to enzyme complex III. As this happens, more H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. The NADH and FADH2 produced from the previous stages of cellular respiration bring electrons across the transport chain to initiate the oxidative phosphorylation.arrow_forward(b) Metabolic state of cells and organism can be associated with inmplication of ATP and NADH. Explain this relationship.arrow_forward
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