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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To identify whether carbon monoxide is encountered in the (1) urea cycle, (2) heme degradation process, or (3) oxidative deamination reaction.
Concept introduction: A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.
Heme potion of hemoglobin undergoes a stepwise degradation to biliverdin, to bilirubin, and then to bile pigments that are excreted from the body.
A biochemical reaction in which an
(b)
Interpretation: To identify whether stercobilin is encountered in the (1) urea cycle, (2) heme degradation process, or (3) oxidative deamination reaction.
Concept introduction: A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.
Heme potion of hemoglobin undergoes a stepwise degradation to biliverdin, to bilirubin, and then to bile pigments that are excreted from the body.
A biochemical reaction in which an
(c)
Interpretation: To identify whether biliverdin is encountered in the (1) urea cycle, (2) heme degradation process, or (3) oxidative deamination reaction.
Concept introduction: A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.
Heme potion of hemoglobin undergoes a stepwise degradation to biliverdin, to bilirubin, and then to bile pigments that are excreted from the body.
A biochemical reaction in which an
(d)
Interpretation: To identify whether ornithine is encountered in the (1) urea cycle, (2) heme degradation process, or (3) oxidative deamination reaction.
Concept introduction: A urea cycle is a cyclic biochemical pathway that involves the production of urea using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources. The desired product of the urea cycle is urea.
Heme potion of hemoglobin undergoes a stepwise degradation to biliverdin, to bilirubin, and then to bile pigments that are excreted from the body.
A biochemical reaction in which an
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Chapter 26 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- 18. What key molecule connects the urea cycle with the TCA cycle? A. Fumarate B. Malate C. Arginine D. Arigininosuccinate E. Aspartate 19. What meal would increase the activity/need for urea cycle enzymes? A. Steak and a milkshake B. Spinach salad and diet coke C. PB&J sandwich and glass of water D. Curly fries and a lemonade 20. What is the allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I? A. Glutamate B. N-acetylglutamate C. Bicarbonate D. Urea as a feedback negative regulator E. Argininearrow_forwardThe committed step in the urea cycle is: A、condensation of citrulline with aspartate B、export of citrulline from the matrix C、cleavage of urea from arginine D、Formation of carbamoyl phosphatearrow_forwardThe urea cycle can be summarized through the following reaction: O || H₂N-C-OPO3= COO- | H3N-CHCH₂COO- O || H₂N-C-NH2 + -OOCCH = CHCOO- 1. Write the reactions, using structural formulas that lead to the formation of carbamoyl phosphate and its subsequent incorporation into the urea cycle. Name the enzymes and how they are activated.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is a degradation product of both cytidine and deoxycytidine? a. β-alanine b. β-aminoisobutyrate c. succinyl-CoA d. uric acidarrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. sdLDL b. oxLDL c. cytochrome P450 d. atheroma e. abetalipoproteinemiaarrow_forwardThe immediate donors of the nitrogen atoms of urea are: a. Aspartate and glutamate b. Glutamate and carbamoyl phosphate c. Aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate d. Glutamine and aspartatearrow_forward
- a) What is the role of the lysosome in degrading proteins? What are the enzymes that degrade/hydrolyze proteins? How does the further degradation of amino acids occur?b) Explain the urea cycle and summarize the steps of the urea cycle starting from carbamoyl phosphate.arrow_forwardWhich of the following amino acids are considered as both glucogenic as well as ketogenic amino acids? (more than one answer) a. Tryptophan b. Isoleucine c. Lysine d. Phenylalaninearrow_forwardIn order to function as a coenzyme, a derivative of pyridoxine (Vit. B6) is necessary. a.transamination b.Deamination by oxidation c. transamination as well as oxidative deamination are involved. d.The urea cycle is the fourth step.arrow_forward
- The urea cycle requires all of the following components except one of them: aspartate, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ATP, citrulline/ornithine transporter and isocitrate. Identify the component. Explain the sequence of urea cycle using the required components and enzymes essential for each step of the cycle.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding the urea cycle is true? (A) Fumarate acts as a connecting link between urea cycle and the CAC.(B) The urea cycle occurs solely in the mitochondria.(C) Citrulline and arginine reacts to form argininosuccinate.(D) Ornithine formed in the last reaction of the urea cycle is excreted from the body along with urea.(E) The purpose of the urea cycle is to produce energy (4 ATP per ammonia that enters) for the liver.arrow_forwardCarbamoyl-phosphate synthase I is a mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the urea cycle. It represents the committed step in the urea cycle. (i) Explain the reaction of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I. (ii) Explain the regulation of urea cycle by N-acetylglutamate.arrow_forward
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