Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
An explanation as to why the hydrogens of the methyl group shown in red, as well as the imide proton, are readily exchanged for deuterium by dilute
Concept introduction:
The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reaction.
The carbon which acquires a negative charge act as nucleophile and it is known as a carbanion. The resonance occurs due to the delocalization of
(b)
Interpretation:
An explanation as to why the hydrogens of the methyl group shown in red are most acidic, even though the other methyl group is directly attached to the positively charged nitrogen is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nuclephilic substitution reaction.
The carbon which acquires a negative charge acts as nucleophile and it is known as carbanion. The resonance occurs due to the delocalization of
(c)
Interpretation:
An explanation as to why the given reaction takes place in aqueous base is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The hydrolysis is a
The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile.
(d)
Interpretation:
An explanation as to why the compound,
Concept introduction:
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the water molecule is breaks the bonds between two or more molecules in a compound. The term is generally used for the elimination and substitution reaction in which water molecule act as a nucleophile.
(e)
Interpretation:
An explanation as to why treatment of
Concept introduction:
The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reaction.
The
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EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- (b) The structure of heptalene (2E) is shown below. Answer the following questions: (i) Is heptalene aromatic, non-aromatic, or anti-aromatic? (ii) 2E can be readily protonated to form a more stable species. Draw the structure of the protonated 2E and explain the stability. heptalene (2E)arrow_forward(a) What is the hybridization of the nitrogen in each of the following compounds? (b) How does hybridization affect the availability of the lone pair and the basicity of each compound?arrow_forward(a) Rank the following compounds in order of increasing acidity. (b) Which compound forms the strongest conjugate base?arrow_forward
- Which compound is more acidic and why? I thought it would be the right, because nitrogen has a hydrogen attached to it, but oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, but doesn't have a hydrogen readily available (other than the methyl group on the other side).arrow_forwardFollowing is a structural formula for guanidine, the compound by which migratory birds excrete excess metabolic nitrogen. The hydrochloride salt of this compound is a white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water and ethanol. Q. Does proton transfer to guanidine occur preferentially to one of its -NH2 groups (cation A) or to its =NH group (cation B)? Explain.arrow_forwardDraw the product of the following Lewis acid-base reaction. Discuss whether the product will retain its monomeric form or if it will dimerise and why. (c) Ph Toluene AICI CHO Pharrow_forward
- Which compound in each of the following pairs would have the higher boiling point? .Explain your answers (1) or HO. (a) (Ь) (2) HO HO. or HO. (b) (а) (3)[ OH or (a) (b)arrow_forwardPropose two molecular formulas for each of the following molecular ions: (a) 72; (b) 100; (c) 73.arrow_forwardPhthalic acid and isophthalic acid have protons on two carboxy groups that can be removed with base. (a) Explain why the pKa for loss of the rst proton (pKa1) is lower for phthalic acid than isophthalic acid. (b) Explain why the pKa for loss of the second proton (pKa2) is higher for phthalic acid than isophthalic acid.arrow_forward
- но HO но он The pK, of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is 4.17, showing that it is slightly more acidic than acetic acid (CH3CO0H, pKa 4.74). (a) Show the fou r different conjugate bases that would be formed by deprotonation of the four different OH groups in ascorbic acid. (b) Compare the stabilities of these four conjugate bases, and predict which OH group of ascorbic acid is the most acidic. (c) Compare the most stable conjugate base of ascorbic acid with the conjugate base of acetic acid, and suggest why these two compounds have similar acidities, even though ascorbic acid lacks the carboxylic acid (COOH) group.arrow_forward3. Which anion is the weakest base? (A) (B) 4. For the structure shown below, which is the least acidic hydrogen? (В) (A) но- (D) -NH3* CO2H (C) 5. Which of the following compounds will be the most reactive toward nucleophilic attach? OCH3 (A) `CI (B) `NH2 (D) (C) 6. What is the product of following reaction sequence? Choose fro answers A, B, and C. NaOCH3 CH3I(Excess) ? Он Barrow_forwardAniline (conjugate acid pKa 4.63) is a considerably stronger base than diphenylamine (pKa 0.79). Account for these marked differences.arrow_forward