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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The number of anomeric carbon atoms that are present in the given cyclic form of
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide.
A compound that possesses a carbon atom which is attached with a hydroxyl group as well as with an alkoxy group is known as hemiacetal compound. This carbon atom that is attached with both hydroxyl group and alkoxy group is known as hemiacetal carbon.
Carbon atom which behaves as a stereocenter in the cyclic form of the hemiacetal compound is known as anomeric carbon.
(b)
Interpretation: The number of hemiacetal carbon atoms that are present in the given cyclic form of
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide.
A compound that possesses a carbon atom which is attached with a hydroxyl group as well as with an alkoxy group is known as hemiacetal compound. This carbon atom that is attached with both hydroxyl group and alkoxy group is known as hemiacetal carbon.
Carbon atom which behaves as a stereocenter in the cyclic form of the hemiacetal compound is known as anomeric carbon.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Classify the fatty acid with the following structural formula in the ways indicated.a. What is the type designation (SFA, MUFA, or PUFA) for this fatty acid? b. On the basis of carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation, what is the numerical shorthand designation for this fatty acid?c. To which “omega” family of fatty acids does this fatty acid belong? d. What is the “delta” designation for the carbon chain double-bond location for this fatty acid?arrow_forwardConsider olive oil, an oil with a high percentage of fat derived from oleic acid (otherwise known as cis[18:1] fatty acid). a, Explain why such a structure may allow olive oil to be one of the "healthier" oils? b, why such a structure may allow olive oil to be a liquid at room temperature, while butter and lard are solid at room temperature? c, why such a structure may cause olive oil to be prone to oxidative damage upon exposure to air and heat?arrow_forwardDraw the structure of each of the following compounds: a. a polysaccharide formed by joining D-glucosamine in 1-→6-a-glycosidic linkages b. a disaccharide formed by joining D-mannose and D-glucose in a 1-4-B-glycosidic linkage using mannose's anomeric carbon c. an a-N-glycoside formed from D-arabinose and CgH;CHNH2 d. a ribonucleoside formed from D-ribose and thyminearrow_forward
- 1) Please list all glycosidic linkages between each monosaccharide units. For example, α(1→4)2) Please discuss whether these oligo/polysaccharides would be reducing or non-reducing sugar. Remember to state your reasoning in complete sentence.arrow_forwardThe human body uses the branched polymer glycogen for short term storage of glucose in the liver. It is broken down by the stepwise removal of the terminal glucose monomer. Explain why it is an advantage for glycogen to have a branch chain structure rather than a linear structure. (A pargraph would be great)arrow_forwardisomaltose is a disaccharide which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectin. Deduce the structure of isomaltose from the following data: a. The hydrolysis of 1 mole of isomaltose with acid or alpha-glucosidase yields 2 moles of D- glucose. b. Isomaltose is a reducing sugar c. Isomaltose is oxidized with bromine water to isomaltonic acid. Insomaltonic acid methylation followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,5- tetra-O-methyl-D-gluconate acid. d. Isomaltose methylation itself followed by hydrolysis to produce 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- D-glucose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose. Describe according to the four points abovearrow_forward
- Raffinose, the most abundant trisaccharide found in nature,occurs in whole grains and numerous vegetables (e.g.,asparagus, cabbage, and beans). Hydrolysis of raffinoseyields galactose and sucrose.a. Provide the systematic name for this trisaccharide.b. Is raffinose a reducing or nonreducing sugar?c. Is raffinose capable of mutarotation?arrow_forwardNaturally occurring D-glucose is one of a pair of enantiomers. Its mirror image is L-glucose. Draw the two cyclic six-membered isomers of L-glucose that differ in the configuration around C1 and indicate which is a and which is B.arrow_forwardGentiobiose (D-Glc(β1→6)D-Glc) is a disaccharide found in some plantglycosides. Draw the structure of gentiobiose based on its abbreviated name. Is it a reducing sugar? Does it undergo mutarotation?arrow_forward
- Olestra has been used in certain snack foods as an alternative to fats and oils. Its structure consists of a sucrose molecule in which all free hydroxyl groups have formed esters with oleic acid (an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid). Olestra molecules have no caloric value because they are exceptionally large and cannot be digested. Draw the structure of olestra. Use R-COOH as an abbreviation for oleic acid.arrow_forwardCellulose and glycogen are both polymers of glucose, but they have very different functions. Select all of the statements below that are true (this is a multi-select question). One important difference between cellulose and glycogen is that the cellulose has a(1→6) branches, which greatly increases the "connectiveness" within the structure. One important difference between cellulose and glycogen is that cellulose is a B(14) linked glucan, while glycogen is an a(1→4) linked glucan. The major cause of the functional difference is that glycogen is stored in the cytosol, whereas cellulose is a component of the cell walls. Cellulose is flexible due to the noncovalent interactions between the B(1-4) linked strands of glucose: the polymer can bend without breaking covalent bonds. Cellulose is more "stretchy" than glycogen, since its structure is held together only by the relatively weak hydrogen bonds.arrow_forwardRhaminose is a trisaccharide comprised of fructose (B(2→1), fructose (B(2→1) and glucose. Draw the trisaccharide with the hexose in its chair conformations. Indicate the anomeric carbons, the non-reducing end and any other structural details of interest.arrow_forward
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