Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780073525310
Author: Leland H. Hartwell, Michael L. Goldberg, Janice A. Fischer, Leroy Hood, Charles F. Aquadro
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 20, Problem 29P
What is the most straightforward evidence at the molecular level in support of the idea that modern humans first appeared in Africa?
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The Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the African Replacement hypothesis) proposes that Homo sapiens arose in Africa and evolved there for several hundred thousand years. Then, some 85,000 years ago, a small band of Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and populated the remainder of the world. Based on this hypothesis, what predictions would you make about worldwide human variation in mtDNA?
A number of comparisons of nucleotide sequences among hominidsand rodents indicate that inbreeding may have occurredmore often in hominid than in rodent ancestry. Bakewell et al.(2007. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. [USA] 104: 7489-7494) suggest thatan ancient population bottleneck that left approximately 10,000 humans might have caused early humans to have a greaterchance of genetic disease. Why would a population bottleneckinfluence the frequency of genetic disease?
For each of the following, indicate whether it is true or false according to the current understanding
of most scientists. Put either an F or a T in each box.
A) Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor between 6 and 8 million years ago
B) Homo sapiens were already living in Europe when the first Neanderthals arrived.
C) Humans gradually evolved from ape-like creatures in a linear fashion with each species in the line
slowly evolving into a more modern form.
D) Early Homo sapiens interbred extensively with Neanderthals and Denisovans forming a new hybrid
species.
E) Homo sapiens have been the only hominin species on earth for the last 10,000 years.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
Ch. 20 - Choose the best matching phrase in the right...Ch. 20 - When an allele is dominant, why does it not always...Ch. 20 - A population with an allele frequency p of 0.5 and...Ch. 20 - Prob. 4PCh. 20 - Which of the following populations are at...Ch. 20 - A dominant mutation in Drosophila called Delta...Ch. 20 - A large, random mating population is started with...Ch. 20 - Prob. 8PCh. 20 - Prob. 9PCh. 20 - Two hypothetical lizard populations found on...
Ch. 20 - It is the year 1998, and the men and women sailors...Ch. 20 - Prob. 12PCh. 20 - In 1927, the ophthalmologist George Waaler tested...Ch. 20 - Prob. 14PCh. 20 - A gene has two alleles A frequency = p and a...Ch. 20 - Some people can taste the bitter compound...Ch. 20 - Androgenetic alopecia pattern baldness is a...Ch. 20 - Why is the elimination of a fully recessive...Ch. 20 - Tristan da Cunha is a group of small islands in...Ch. 20 - Small population size causes genetic drift because...Ch. 20 - Prob. 21PCh. 20 - A mouse mutation with incomplete dominance t =...Ch. 20 - In Drosophila, the vestigial wings recessive...Ch. 20 - Prob. 24PCh. 20 - You have identified an autosomal gene that...Ch. 20 - In Europe, the frequency of the CF allele causing...Ch. 20 - An allele of the G6PD gene acts in a recessive...Ch. 20 - Explain why evolutionary biologists monitor...Ch. 20 - What is the most straightforward evidence at the...Ch. 20 - In March 2013, the American Journal of Human...Ch. 20 - If you go back 40 generations into your biological...Ch. 20 - In Fig. 21.17, to what part of the world does...Ch. 20 - Predict the DNA sequences at the four nodes...Ch. 20 - A cladogram not drawn to scale for the taxonomic...Ch. 20 - As noted in Fig. 21.22, humans now living in...
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- How, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo floresiensis? Because if allometry explains the anatomy of Homo floresiensis then we can conclude that it is not separate species but instead a member of our species. Although most mammals on islands go through a process of getting smaller, Homo floresiensis evolved from a smaller ancestor to be bigger, meaning that allometry is an important factor. Mutations in the allometry allele are associated with many of the characteristics of Homo floresiensis. Because Homo floresiensis is so much smaller than other members of the genus Homo, it is important to determine how shape changes associated with smaller size impacted the species. Because Homo floresiensis had both small- and large-bodied forms, variation within the species is in large part dictated by allometry.arrow_forwardOnce nuclear DNA sequencing became fast and able to handle sequencing ancient DNA, living humans were found to have some Neanderthal genes. Is this finding clear evidence that some early modern humans did indeed hybridize with Neanderthals? Why?arrow_forwardCrickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea. 1) Mark & label (as “MRCA”) the most recent common ancestor for all crickets on the island of Kauai. 2) Molokai is roughly equally distant from Oahu as Maui, but not equally related. Are Molokai crickets more closely related to those on Oahu or Maui?_________arrow_forward
- The ancestor of cats was presumably homozygous for wild type at all of the described genes. What was the phenotype of this ancestral cat at each of these loci? 1)Dark grey with black mackerel stripes 2)Light grey female with dark grey mackerel stripes 3)Light brown male with chocolate tips 4)Black female with large white patches 5)Cream male with small white patches and orange mackerel stripes 6)A uniformly colored black catarrow_forwardHow does the fact that all ethnic groups except Africans contain some Neanderthal DNA (1–4 percent of their DNA) support the out-of-Africa hypothesis for the origin of modern humans (Homo sapiens)?arrow_forwardFor each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.arrow_forward
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