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Concept explainers
a.
To draw:
The recombinant plasmid that indicates the order of the four components and their arrangement in relation to the plasmid vector.
Introduction:
Erythropoietin, which is a human protein stimulates the production of red blood cells. The idea is to make a bacterium that produces this protein, and this recombinant bacterium can be used for the treatment of anemia patients.
b.
To determine:
The element that encodes the ribosome binding site for the mRNA making the fusion protein.
Introduction:
The recombinant plasmid was made to contain coding sequence for human erythropoietin, the regulatory sequence of the lac operon, a sequence encoding E.coli maltose-binding protein, and a sequence encoding a series of five amino acids. These sequences were transformed in the recombinant plasmid to induce the expression of a tagged fusion protein N MBP-DDDDK-erythropoietin C.
c.
To determine:
The elements out of given four that should be placed in the same reading frame with respect to each other.
Introduction:
The four elements present in the recombinant DNA molecule include coding sequence for erythropoietin, a sequence encoding the maltose-binding protein in E.coli and a series of five amino acids, and the regulatory sequence for lac operon.
d.
To determine:
Whether the erythropoietin coding sequences can be obtained from a human genomic DNA or from a human cDNA clone.
Introduction:
The creation of cDNA clones occurs in three major steps known as the synthesis, cloning, and validation. The cDNA clones contain open reading frames and untranslated regions.
e.
To determine:
The compound that could be used for inducing expression of the fusion protein and giving a reason about adding the compound to the medium before seeding with E.coli cells or after reaching the population of cells to high density.
Introduction:
The fusion protein that has to be made in the recombinant E.coli producing erythropoietin protein is N MBP-DDDDK-erythropoietin C.
f.
To determine:
The process by which fusion protein can be purified away from the other E.coli proteins.
Introduction:
The cells that express the fusion protein also contain many other E.coli proteins. It is considered to be important to purify the drugs away from the contaminants. It is known that MBP tightly binds to the sugar maltose and this maltose can be attached to an insoluble resin.
g.
To determine:
The way by which enterokinase can be used to separate the erythropoietin away from the rest of the fusion protein and then perform the purification of the desired pharmaceutical.
Introduction:
It is been studied that the human erythropoietin should not be attached to any other amino acid sequence. So, a protein known as enterokinase is used to cleave the proteins just C-terminal to DDDDK.
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Chapter 15 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
- Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disease caused by an error in the nucleotide excision repair process that fixes damage to DNA by ultraviolet light. Studies have shown that it can result from mutations in any one of seven genes. What can you infer from this finding? A) There are seven genes that produce the same protein B) These seven genes are the most easily damaged by ultraviolet light. C) There are seven enzymes involved in the nucleotide excision repair process. D) These mutations have resulted from translocation of gene segments.arrow_forwardA compact disc (CD) stores about 4.8 × 109 bits of information in a 96 cm2 area. This information is stored as a binary code—that is, every bit is either a 0 or a 1. how many bits would it take to specify each nucleotide pair in a DNA sequence? how many CDs would it take to store the information contained in the human genome?arrow_forwardLet’s suppose you make a transposon library of the cellulose-secreting bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus, with the goal of finding mutants that produce higher than normal amounts of cellulose, which would be useful industrially. However, despite your best efforts you are unable to isolate any transposon mutants that make more cellulose than the wild-type strain.Why might this have failed? List as many reasons as you can think of.arrow_forward
- Damien and Jessica are friends that are interested in proteomics. One day Damien and Jessica go to a proteomics lab to have their proteome (all proteins in body) analyzed. The analysis shows that there is a difference in one amino acid within each of their hemoglobin proteins. However, both of their hemoglobin proteins appear to be functioning properly. They both come to you and ask you the significance of this finding, what do you tell them? Should they be worried? Provide a detailed rationale. .arrow_forwardAilee is interested to determine the nucleotide sequence of her bacterial heat shock gene. Hence, DNA sequencing needs to be performed for this analysis. One of the earliest methods invented is known as Sanger sequencing. Explain in detail the mechanism of this sequencing technique with the aid of a simple diagram.arrow_forwardYou have sequenced the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium and find a protein that is 100 percent identical to a protein in the bacterium Escherichia coli. When you compare nucleotide sequences of the S. typhimurium and E. coli genes, you find that their nucleotide sequences are only 87 percent identical. How would you interpret the observations? Please make sure to select ALL correct answer options. Because genetic code is redundant, changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence can occur without change to its encoded protein. Due to the flexibility in the third positions of most codons, the DNA sequence can accumulate changes without affecting protein structure. Natural selection will eliminate many deleterious amino acid changes. This will reduce the rate of change in the amino acid sequence and lead to sequence conservation of the proteins. Protein sequences are expected to evolve and diverge more slowly than the genes that encode them.arrow_forward
- In fluorescent Sanger DNA Sequencing, choose one of the following: A):The deoxynucleotides are fluorescently labelled B):Each capillary gel contains a single fluorescent nucleotide C):Chain termination does not occur D):The reaction must be run in the dark E):The incorporated fluorescent nucleotides are detected by a sensor at one end of the capillary gelarrow_forwardChoose all of the statements that correctly describe the base pairs drawn below. A C H H-N -H-N N-H- -N B H D موعة Rita N -H---- 2 NHN O- -H-N H -H- N- -H-N The non-Watson-Crick base pair shown in A is much less stable than the base pairs shown in B and C, because the smaller size of the two pyrimidine bases induces a distortion in the structure of the double helix that decreases the stability of the helix when compared to helices with the normal Watson-Crick base pairs. The base pair shown in B is found in BOTH DNA and RNA The base pair shown in C is found ONLY in RNA and NOT DNA The base pair seen in B is more stable than the Watson-Crick base pair shown in C partly because of a larger number of hydrogen bonds and partly because of more favourable pi-stacking interactions with adjacent base pairs.arrow_forwardThe image below shows the base cytosine and a methylated form of cytosine that occurs frequently in the human genome. Use your knowledge of DNA structure to answer the following questions: a) Does methylation of cytosine affect its ability to base-pair with guanine? Explain your answer. b) Would methylation of cytosine affect the binding of a protein that interacts with a C-G base-pair in the major groove?arrow_forward
- Aflatoxin B1 is a highly mutagenic and carcinogenic compound produced by certain fungi that infect crops such as peanuts. Aflatoxin is a large, bulky molecule that chemically bonds to the base guanine (G) to form the aflatoxin-guanine adduct that is pictured below. In the figure below, the aflatoxin is orange, and the guanine base is purple. This adduct distorts the DNA double helix and blocks replication. a. What type(s) of DNA repair system is (are) most likely to be involved in repairing the damage caused by exposure of DNA to aflatoxin B1? b, Recent evidence suggests that the adduct of guanine and aflatoxin B1 can attack the bond that connects it to deoxyribose; this liberates the adducted base, forming an apurinic site. How does this new information change your answer to part (a)?arrow_forwardDescribe the function of the following reagents used in the DNA extraction procedure?a) Proteinase K b) 5M Nacl c) Isopropanol d) 1X TE Bufferarrow_forwardYou have sequenced the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, and you are using BLAST analysis to identify similarities within the S. typhimurium genome to known proteins. You find a protein that is 100 percent identical in the bacterium Escherichia coli. When you compare nucleotide sequences of the S. typhimurium and E. coli genes, you find that their nucleotide sequences are only 87 percent identical.a. Explain this observation.b. What do these observations tell you about the merits of nucleotide- versus protein-similarity searches in identifying related genes?arrow_forward
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