Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781305079243
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 16, Problem 55E
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The reaction of formation of
Concept introduction: The expression for
A reaction is said to be spontaneous if the value of
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Which expression below could be used to calculate the free energy change for a chemical reaction at any temperature? Choose one:
1. ΔG°rxn = ΔH°rxn – TΔS°rxn
2. ΔG°rxn = Σ(ΔG°f,Reactants) – Σ(ΔG°f,Products)
3. ΔG°rxn = ΔH°rxn + TΔS°rxn
4. ΔG°rxn = Σ(ΔG°f,Products) – Σ(ΔG°f,Reactants)
Given these values, ΔHorxn = +75 kJ; ΔSorxn = +120 J/K; T = 298 K; calculatethe free energy change (ΔG).
-328 J/K
-132 J/K
151 J/K
132 J/K
-151 J/K
For each reaction, calculate ΔH°rxn, ΔS°rxn, and ΔG°rxn at 25 °C and state whether or not the reaction is spontaneous. If the reaction is not spontaneous, would a change in temperature make it spontaneous? If so, should the temperature be raised or lowered from 25 °C?a. 2 CH4( g)------->C2H6( g) + H2( g)b. 2 NH3( g)------> N2H4( g) + H2( g)c. N2( g) + O2( g)-------->2 NO( g)d. 2 KClO3(s)-------->2 KCl(s) + 3 O2( g)
Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Ch. 16 - Define the following: a. spontaneous process b....Ch. 16 - What is the second law of thermodynamics? For any...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3RQCh. 16 - Prob. 4RQCh. 16 - Prob. 5RQCh. 16 - What is the standard free energy change, G, for a...Ch. 16 - If you calculate a value for G for a reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the equation G = G + RT ln(Q). What is...Ch. 16 - Even if G is negative, the reaction may not occur....Ch. 16 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 16 - For the process A(l) A(g), which direction is...Ch. 16 - Prob. 2ALQCh. 16 - Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4ALQCh. 16 - Prob. 5ALQCh. 16 - Prob. 6ALQCh. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Is Ssurr favorable or unfavorable for exothermic...Ch. 16 - At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10ALQCh. 16 - The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2 and H2O...Ch. 16 - When the environment is contaminated by a toxic or...Ch. 16 - Entropy has been described as times arrow....Ch. 16 - Prob. 14QCh. 16 - A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remains...Ch. 16 - Consider the following potential energy plots: a....Ch. 16 - Prob. 17QCh. 16 - Given the following illustration, what can be said...Ch. 16 - The third law of thermodynamics states that the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 20QCh. 16 - Prob. 21QCh. 16 - Prob. 22QCh. 16 - Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 24QCh. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 16 - Prob. 27ECh. 16 - Consider the following illustration of six...Ch. 16 - Consider the following energy levels, each capable...Ch. 16 - Prob. 30ECh. 16 - Choose the substance with the larger positional...Ch. 16 - Which of the following involve an increase in the...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 34ECh. 16 - Given the values of H and S, which of the...Ch. 16 - At what temperatures will the following processes...Ch. 16 - Ethanethiol (C2H5SH; also called ethyl mercaptan)...Ch. 16 - For mercury, the enthalpy of vaporization is 58.51...Ch. 16 - For ammonia (NH3), the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65...Ch. 16 - The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 42ECh. 16 - Prob. 43ECh. 16 - For each of the following pairs, which substance...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for...Ch. 16 - Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for...Ch. 16 - Prob. 47ECh. 16 - Prob. 48ECh. 16 - Prob. 49ECh. 16 - Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. Predict the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 52ECh. 16 - Prob. 53ECh. 16 - The major industrial use of hydrogen is in the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 55ECh. 16 - At 100C and 1.00 atm, H = 40.6 kJ/mol for the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 57ECh. 16 - Prob. 58ECh. 16 - Prob. 59ECh. 16 - Prob. 60ECh. 16 - Consider the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a....Ch. 16 - Prob. 63ECh. 16 - Consider two reactions for the production of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 65ECh. 16 - Prob. 66ECh. 16 - Consider the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) For each of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 68ECh. 16 - One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the...Ch. 16 - Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas...Ch. 16 - Consider the following reaction at 25.0C:...Ch. 16 - The standard free energies of formation and the...Ch. 16 - Calculate G forH2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at 600. K,...Ch. 16 - The Ostwald process for the commercial production...Ch. 16 - Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine...Ch. 16 - One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is...Ch. 16 - Prob. 77ECh. 16 - Consider the following reaction at 298 K:...Ch. 16 - Prob. 79ECh. 16 - The equilibrium constant K for the reaction...Ch. 16 - Prob. 81AECh. 16 - Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter....Ch. 16 - Consider the following system at equilibrium at...Ch. 16 - Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization...Ch. 16 - As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K...Ch. 16 - Prob. 86AECh. 16 - Using the following data, calculate the value of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 88AECh. 16 - Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much...Ch. 16 - Prob. 90AECh. 16 - Prob. 91AECh. 16 - Use the equation in Exercise 79 to determine H and...Ch. 16 - Consider the reaction...Ch. 16 - Consider the following diagram of free energy (G)...Ch. 16 - Prob. 95CWPCh. 16 - For rubidium Hvapo=69.0KJ/mol at 686C, its boiling...Ch. 16 - Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S...Ch. 16 - Prob. 98CWPCh. 16 - Prob. 99CWPCh. 16 - Consider the dissociation of a weak acid HA (Ka =...Ch. 16 - Prob. 101CWPCh. 16 - The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction...Ch. 16 - For the following reactions at constant pressure,...Ch. 16 - The standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(l) at...Ch. 16 - Prob. 105CPCh. 16 - Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an...Ch. 16 - Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, G, and K...Ch. 16 - Prob. 108CPCh. 16 - Prob. 109CPCh. 16 - Prob. 110CPCh. 16 - Prob. 111CPCh. 16 - Prob. 112CPCh. 16 - If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of...Ch. 16 - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene (C6H6)...Ch. 16 - Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25C) until...Ch. 16 - Prob. 116CPCh. 16 - Prob. 117CPCh. 16 - Prob. 118IPCh. 16 - Prob. 119IPCh. 16 - Prob. 120IPCh. 16 - Consider a sample containing 5.00 moles of a...Ch. 16 - Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in...
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- Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, was once used as an anesthetic. Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the vaporization of ether if its heat of vaporization is 26.0 kJ/mol at the boiling point of 35.0 C.arrow_forwardWhich contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene at the same temperature? Explain in terms of the dispersal of energy in the substance.arrow_forwardSolid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing water at 25 C. When the solid has completely dissolved, the temperature of the solution is 23.5 C. (a) Was the process exothermic or endothermic? (b) Was the process spontaneous? (c) Did the entropy of the system increase? (d) Did the entropy of the universe increase?arrow_forward
- Indicate which substance in the given pairs has the higher entropy value. Explain your choices.. (a) C2H5OH(l) or C3H7OH(l). (b) C2H5OH(l) or C2H5OH(g). (c) 2H(g) or H(g)arrow_forwardWhat determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate Ssurr at constant pressure and temperature, we use the following equation: Ssurr = H/T. Why does a minus sign appear in the equation, and why is Ssurr inversely proportional to temperature?arrow_forwardThe standard molar entropy of methanol vapor, CH3OH(g), is 239.8 J K1 mol-1. (a) Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization of 1 mol methanol (use data from Table 16.1 or Appendix J). (b) Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of methanol, assuming that rS doesnt depend on temperature and taking the boiling point of methanol to be 64.6C.arrow_forward
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