Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 50PS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ΔrG° value for given reaction should be calculated by using ΔfGo and should be identified that whether the given reaction is product favoured at equilibrium.

Concept introduction:

The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by ΔrG°. It can be calculated in a similar manner as entropy and enthalpy. The expression for the free energy change is:

  ΔrG°fG°(products)fG°(reactants)   

ΔrG° is related to the reaction quotient Q by the expression,

  ΔrG = ΔrG°+ RT lnQ

For a general reaction, aA + bBcC + dD

  Q = [C]c[D]d[A]a[B]b

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ΔrG° value for given reaction should be calculated when partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 0.10atm in presence of both calcium carbonate and calcium oxide and identified that reaction is spontaneous under such given conditions.

Concept introduction:

The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by ΔrG°. It can be calculated in a similar manner as entropy and enthalpy. The expression for the free energy change is:

  ΔrG°fG°(products)fG°(reactants)   

ΔrG° is related to the reaction quotient Q by the expression,

  ΔrG = ΔrG°+ RT lnQ

For a general reaction, aA + bBcC + dD

  Q = [C]c[D]d[A]a[B]b

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Chapter 18 Solutions

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 1.2ACPCh. 18.7 - The decomposition of diamond to graphite...Ch. 18.7 - It has been demonstrated that buckminsterfullerene...Ch. 18 - Solid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing...Ch. 18 - Acetic acid, a weak acid, was added to a beaker...Ch. 18 - Identify the following processes as either...Ch. 18 - Identify the following processes as either...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5PSCh. 18 - Predict whether each of the following processes...Ch. 18 - Indicate which of the following processes are...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8PSCh. 18 - Prob. 9PSCh. 18 - Prob. 10PSCh. 18 - Prob. 11PSCh. 18 - Calculate the entropy change that occurs when 1.00...Ch. 18 - Prob. 13PSCh. 18 - Calculate the change in entropy of a system with...Ch. 18 - The third law of thermodynamics says that a...Ch. 18 - Identify trends in S values: (a) For the halogens:...Ch. 18 - Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) dry...Ch. 18 - Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) a...Ch. 18 - Use S values to calculate the standard entropy...Ch. 18 - Use S values to calculate the standard entropy...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g)...Ch. 18 - Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 H2(g) SiH4(g)...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(universe) for the decomposition of 1...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(universe) for the formation of 1 mol...Ch. 18 - Classify each of the reactions according to one of...Ch. 18 - Classify each of the reactions according to one of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard...Ch. 18 - Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the...Ch. 18 - Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the...Ch. 18 - For the reaction BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g), rG =...Ch. 18 - For the reaction TiCl2(s) + Cl2(g) TiCl4(), rG =...Ch. 18 - Determine whether the reactions listed below are...Ch. 18 - Determine whether the reactions listed below are...Ch. 18 - Heating some metal carbonates, among them...Ch. 18 - Calculate rH and rS for the reaction of tin(IV)...Ch. 18 - The ionization constant, Ka, for acetic acid is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 44PSCh. 18 - The standard free energy change, rG, for the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 46PSCh. 18 - Calculate rG at 25 C for the formation of 1.00 mol...Ch. 18 - Prob. 48PSCh. 18 - Prob. 49PSCh. 18 - Prob. 50PSCh. 18 - Compare the compounds in each set below and decide...Ch. 18 - Using standard entropy values, calculate rS for...Ch. 18 - About 5 billion kilograms of benzene, C6H6, are...Ch. 18 - Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an...Ch. 18 - Is the combustion of ethane, C2H6, product-favored...Ch. 18 - Prob. 56GQCh. 18 - When vapors from hydrochloric acid and aqueous...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(system), S(surroundings), and...Ch. 18 - Methanol is now widely used as a fuel in race...Ch. 18 - The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid diethyl...Ch. 18 - Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the...Ch. 18 - Using thermodynamic data, estimate the normal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 63GQCh. 18 - When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, CO2 gas...Ch. 18 - Sodium reacts violently with water according to...Ch. 18 - Yeast can produce ethanol by the fermentation of...Ch. 18 - Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can...Ch. 18 - Prob. 68GQCh. 18 - Prob. 69GQCh. 18 - Estimate the boiling point of water in Denver,...Ch. 18 - The equilibrium constant for the butane ...Ch. 18 - A crucial reaction for the production of synthetic...Ch. 18 - Calculate rG for the decomposition of sulfur...Ch. 18 - Prob. 74GQCh. 18 - A cave in Mexico was recently discovered to have...Ch. 18 - Wet limestone is used to scrub SO2 gas from the...Ch. 18 - Sulfur undergoes a phase transition between 80 and...Ch. 18 - Calculate the entropy change for dissolving HCl...Ch. 18 - Some metal oxides can be decomposed to the metal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 80ILCh. 18 - Prob. 81ILCh. 18 - Prob. 82ILCh. 18 - Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium...Ch. 18 - Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 85ILCh. 18 - Explain why each of the following statements is...Ch. 18 - Decide whether each of the following statements is...Ch. 18 - Under what conditions is the entropy of a pure...Ch. 18 - Prob. 89SCQCh. 18 - Consider the formation of NO(g) from its elements....Ch. 18 - Prob. 91SCQCh. 18 - The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6, is 5.5...Ch. 18 - Prob. 93SCQCh. 18 - For each of the following processes, predict the...Ch. 18 - Heater Meals are food packages that contain their...Ch. 18 - Prob. 96SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 97SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 98SCQCh. 18 - Iodine, I2, dissolves readily in carbon...Ch. 18 - Prob. 100SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 101SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 102SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 103SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 104SCQCh. 18 - The Haber-Bosch process for the production of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 106SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 107SCQ
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  • Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in a blast furnace, can be converted into metal from 99.90% to 99.99% purity by the Mond process. The primary reaction involved in the Mond process is Ni(s)+4CO(g)Ni(CO)4(g) a. Without referring to Appendix 4, predict the sign of S for the above reaction. Explain. b. The spontaneity of the above reaction is temperature-dependent. Predict the sign of Ssurr, for this reaction. Explain c. For Ni(CO)4(g), Hfo=607KJ/mol and S = 417 J/K mol at 298 K. Using these values and data in Appendix 4, calculate H and S for the above reaction. d. Calculate the temperature at which G = 0 (K = 1) for the above reaction, assuming that H and S do not depend on temperature. e. The first step of the Mood process involves equilibrating impure nickel with CO(g) and Ni(CO)4(g) at about 50C. The purpose of this step is to convert as much nickel as possible into the gas phase. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the above reaction at 50.C. f. In the second step of the Mood process, the gaseous Ni(CO)4 is isolated and heated to 227C. The purpose of this step is to deposit as much nickel as possible as pure solid (the reverse of the preceding reaction). Calculate the equilibrium constant for the preceding reaction at 227C. g. Why is temperature increased for the second step of the Mood process? h. The Mond process relies on the volatility of Ni(CO)4 for its success. Only pressures and temperatures at which Ni(CO)4 is a gas are useful. A recently developed variation of the Mood process carries out the first step at higher pressures and a temperature of l52C. Estimate the maximum pressure of Ni(CO)4(g) that can be attained before the gas will liquefy at 152C. The boiling point for Ni(CO)4 is 42C and the enthalpy of vaporization is 29.0 kJ/mol. [Hint: The phase change reaction and the corresponding equilibrium expression are Ni(CO)4(l)Ni(CO)4(g)K=PNi(CO)4 Ni(CO)4(g) will liquefy when the pressure of Ni(CO)4 is greater than the K value.]
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