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All Textbook Solutions for Chemistry In Focus
Explain how acid rain is formed and its effects on the environment and on building materials.25E26E27E28E29EWhich fossil fuel is the worst offender when it comes to global warming? Which is the best?31E32E33E34EAssume that electricity costs 15 cents per kilowatt- hour. Calculate the monthly cost of operating each of the following: a 100 W light bulb, 5 h/day a 600 W refrigerator, 24 h/day a 12,000 W electric range, 1 h/day a 1000 W toaster, 10 min/day36E37E38EThe coldest temperature ever measured in the United States is -80F on January 23, 1971, in Prospect Creek, Alaska. Convert that temperature to Celsius and Kelvin.The warmest temperature ever measured in the United States is 134F on July 10, 1913, in Death Valley, California. Convert that temperature to Celsius and Kelvin.Chemical Reactions and Energy Calculate the amount of energy in kilojoules produced by the combustion of each of the following: 50 kg of pine wood 2.0103 kg of coal a tankful of gasoline (assume the tank holds 60 L of octane with a density of 0.7028 g/mL)42E43E44E45E46E47E48ECalculate the amount of carbon dioxide (in kg) emitted into the atmosphere by the complete combustion of a 15.0 gallon tank of gasoline. Do this by following these steps: Assume that gasoline is composed of octane (C8H18). Write a balanced equation for the combustion of octane. Determine the number of moles of octane contained in a 15.0 gallon tank of gasoline (1 gallon = 3.78 L). Octane has a density of 0.79 g/mL. Use the balanced equation to convert from moles of octane to moles of carbon dioxide, then convert to grams of carbon dioxide, and Finally to kg of carbon dioxide.50EThe second law of thermodynamics has been called the arrow of time. Explain why this is so.You are camping and contemplating placing some hot objects into your sleeping bag to warm it. You warm a rock and a canteen of water, of roughly equal mass, around the fire. Which would be more effective in warming your sleeping bag? Why?56E57E58E10.1YT10.2YT1SC1EExplain why hydroelectric power and wind power are indirect forms of solar energy.3E4E5E6E7E8E9E10E11E12E13E14E15EHow does a geothermal power plant generate electricity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal power?17E18E19E20E21E22E23E24E25E26E27E28E29E30E31E32E33E34E35E36E37E38E42E43E11.1YTA balloon has an initial temperature of 30.0C and an initial volume of 1.0 L. What would be its volume at 100.0C? (Assume constant pressure.)11.3YT1SC2SC3SC1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8E9E10E11E12EWhy is oxygen central to the existence of animal life? Use reactions to explain.14E15E16E17E18E19EWhat are the adverse health and environmental effects associated with each of the following? a.SO2b.PM-2.5c.COd.O3e.NO2f.Pb21E22E23E24EWith the help of chemical equations, explain how ozone absorbs UV light.26E27EWhy does ozone deplete severely over Antarctica each October, but not over other areas of the planet?Has ozone been depleted over other areas of the planet besides Antarctica? How severely?30E31E32E33E34E35E36EThe pressure on Mt. Everest is approximately 0.31 atm. What is this pressure in mm Hg?38E39EThe pressure in Denver, Colorado, is approximately 0.95 atm. Convert that to the following: a.torrb.mmHgc.in.Hgd.psie.N/m241E42EJet airplanes often fly in the lower stratosphere, where the pressure drops to approximately 245 mm Hg. In her suitcase, a passenger packed a sealed, crumpled plastic bag with an initial volume of 0.35 L. If the baggage compartment is not pressurized, what is the volume of the plastic bag at altitude?44E45E46E47EA 2.8 L balloon is warmed over a toaster, and its temperature rises from 25Cto45C. What is its final volume?A cylinder with a movable piston has an initial volume of 0.4 L at a pressure of 7.0102 torr and a temperature of 40C. What will be its volume if the pressure changes to 2.0102 torr and the temperature changes to 80C?50E51E52E53E54EExplain the difference between the effects of ground- level ozone and stratospheric ozone. Why is one beneficial to human life, whereas the other is not?58E59E60E12.1YTWhich of the following molecules are polar? a.HFb.N2c.CH3CId.CH3CH2OHe.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3Which of the following molecules do you expect to have the highest boiling point? NH3NeO2NO12.4YT12.5YT12.6YT12.7YT12.8YT12.9YTSubstance A is composed of molecules that have stronger intermolecular forces than the molecules that compose substance B. Which substance has a lower boiling point? a. substance A b. substance B c. cannot be determined without more information.A representation of liquid water is shown below. Which of the three representations that follow best describes the water after it has boiled into steam?3SC4SC1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8E9E10EWhy does sweating cool the human body?12E13E14EExplain the hydrologic cycle.16E17EHow does a water softener work?19E20E21EWhat is the SDWA?23E24E25EExplain the concerns that groups like the EWG or NRDC have about drinking water quality.27E28EWhich compound would you expect to have the highest boiling point? Why? a.CH3CH2OCH3b.CH3CH2CH2OHc.CH3CH2CH3Which compound would you expect to have the highest boiling point? Why? a.H2Ob.H2Sc.HCl31E32EClassify each molecule as polar or nonpolar: a.H2Ob.CH3CH2CH3c.CH3CH2OHd.H2e.hexaneClassify each molecule as polar or nonpolar: a.CO2b.CH2C12c.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3(octane)d.CH3CHF235E36E37E38EHow many grams of sucrose (C12H22O11) are present in 2.8 L of a 2.2-M sucrose solution?How many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are present in 7.8 L of a 1.3-M glucose solution?41EHow many grams of NaF are present in 4.5 L of a 1.1%NaF solution by mass? Assume that the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL.A 250-g sample of hard water contains 0.20gofCa(CO3). What is the hardness of the water in parts per million (ppm)? How would the water be classified?44E45E46E47E48E49E50E51E52E53E54E55E56E57E58EWhich property is not generally associated with acids?
sour taste
volatility
ability to neutralize bases
ability to dissolve metals
2SCThe ideal pH of a swimming pool is 7.2. You measure the pH of your pool to be 6.5. What should you add, acid or base, to restore your pool to the ideal pH? acid base neither13.1YTIdentify the Brnsted-Lowry acid and base in the following reaction: C5H5N+H2OC5H5NH++OH-1EWhat are the properties of acids?3E4EList five common laboratory acids and their uses.Why are bases not commonly found in foods?List four common laboratory bases and their uses.What are the Arrhenius definitions of acids and bases?What are the Brnsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases?What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?11EWhat pH range is considered acidic? Basic? Neutral?What acid is responsible for the sour taste of lemons, limes, and oranges?What is pickling? What acid is responsible for the sour taste of pickles?15E16EList several common acids and where they might be found.18E19EWhat causes acid indigestion? List some common antacid ingredients and their side effects.21EExplain how a leavening agent works.23E24E25E26E27E28EWrite a chemical equation to show the neutralization of hydroiodic acid (HI) by sodium hydroxide (NaOH).Write a chemical equation to show the neutralization of nitric acid (HNO3) by strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2).Identify the Brnsted-Lowry acid and base in each reaction: a. HClO2+H2OH3O++ClO2- b. CH3NH2+H2OOH-+CH3NH3+ c. HF+NH3NH4++F-Identify the Brnsted-Lowry acid and base in each reaction: a. C5H5N+H2OOH-+C5H5NH+ b. CH3COOH+H2OH3O++C2H3O2- c. KOH+HBrH2O+KBrWrite a chemical equation using Lewis structures for the reaction of water with ammonia. Identify the Brnsted-Lowry acid and base in the reaction.Write a chemical equation using Lewis structures for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Identify the Brnsted-Lowry acid and base in the reaction.A chemist makes two solutions. One is a 0.01-MHCl solution, and the other is a 0.01-MCH3COOH solution. The pH of the HCl solution is found to be 2. Would you expect the pH of the CH3COOH solution to be greater than or less than 2? Explain.A chemist makes a 0.001-MNaOH solution and a 0.001-MNH3 solution. The pH of the NaOH solution is 11. Would you expect the pH of the NH3 solution to be greater than or less than 11? Explain.Give the pH that corresponds to each solution and classify it as acidic, basic, or neutral: a. [H3O+]=0.01 b. [H3O+]=10-9 c. [H3O+]=10-7 d. [H3O+]=10-5Give the pH that corresponds to each solution and classify it as acidic, basic, or neutral: a.[H3O+]=10-10b.[H3O+]=10-6c.[H3O+]=10-12d.[H3O+]=0.001What is the [H3O+] in a solution with a pH of 4?What is the [H3O+] in a solution with a pH of 11?Write chemical reactions to show how each antacid ingredient neutralizes excess stomach acid: a. NaHCO3 b. Mg(OH)2Write chemical reactions to show how each antacid ingredient neutralizes excess stomach acid: a. CaCO3 b. Al(OH)3Suppose that the stomach contains 0.200Lof0.05-MHCl. What mass of the antacid Mg(OH)2 is required to completely neutralize all of the HCl?Suppose that 250.0 mL of a basic solution is 0.100 M in KOH. What volume of a 0.200-MHCl solution would be required to completely neutralize the basic solution?45EWrite a chemical reaction to show how NO2 forms nitric acid in the atmosphere.47E50EDetermine from the following molecular view of a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution whether HF is a strong or a weak acid:Determine from the following molecular view of a hydrobromic acid (HBr) solution whether HBr is a strong or a weak acid:For the following redox reaction, identify the element being oxidized and that being reduced: CuO+H2Cu+H2O14.2YT1SCThe respiration reaction is shown below. Identify the oxidizing agent. C6H12O66O26CO2+6H2O a.C6H12O6b.O2c.CO2d.H2OClosely examine Figure 14.1 and explain why no reaction occurs in part d. Because copper ions have a greater affinity for electrons than zinc ions. Because zinc ions have a greater affinity for electrons than copper ions. Because the temperature is too warm for a reaction to occur.1EExplain the basic principle involved common flashlight battery.3E4E5ECan an oxidation reaction occur without a corresponding reduction reaction? Why or why not?7EWhy is bromine reduced in the following reaction (i.e., in what sense is bromine gaining electrons)? H2+Br22HBrWhat is an oxidizing agent? A reducing agent?10EWrite equations for respiration and photosynthesis. For each reaction, label the substances that are oxidized and reduced. Why are these reactions important?12E13E14E15EGive a thermodynamic argument for why it is more efficient to generate electricity from methane oxidation in a fuel cell rather than from methane oxidation in a conventional combustion power plant.17EUse chemical equations to explain how the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) works. What are its advantages and its disadvantages?19E20E21E22E23E24EDraw Lewis structures for each chemical reaction, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced: a.C+O2CO2b.2Na+Cl22NaClc.Mg+I2MgI2Draw Lewis structures for each chemical reaction, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced: a.2K+Cl22KClb.4Al+3O22Al2O3c.CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O27EFor each reaction, indicate which elements are oxidized and which are reduced: a.WO3+3H2W+3H2Ob.2Na+Cl22NaClc.2Fe2O3+3C4Fe+3CO2For each reaction, indicate which elements are oxidized and which are reduced: a.2Cr3++3Mg2Cr+3Mg2+b.Ni+Cl2Ni2++2Cl-c.2Cl-+F22F-+Cl2For each reaction, indicate which elements are oxidized and which are reduced: a.2Al+3CU2+2Al3++3Cub.2H++NiNi2++H2c.2I-+Cl2I2+2Cl-