(a)
Interpretation:
The standard free energy change for the given reactions should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a
(b)
Interpretation:
The standard free energy change for per gram of each fuel should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
(c)
Interpretation:
The better fuel should be identified.
Concept introduction:
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- Consider the decomposition of red mercury(II) oxide under standard state conditions.. 2HgO(s,red)2Hg(l)+O2(g) (a) Is the decomposition spontaneous under standard state conditions? (b) Above what temperature does the reaction become spontaneous?arrow_forwardUse the data in Appendix G to calculate the standard entropy change for H2(g) + CuO(s) H2O() + Cu(s)arrow_forwardCalculate H and G for the following reactions at 25C, using thermodynamic data from Appendix C; interpret the signs of H and G. a Al2O3(s)+2Fe(s)Fe2O3(s)+2Al(s) b COCl2(g)+H2O(l)CO2(g)+2HCl(g)arrow_forward
- Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells require relatively high concentrations of potassium ion (K+). The concentration of K + in muscle cells is about 0.l5 M. The concentration of K+ in blood plasma is about 0.0050 M. The high internal concentration in cells is maintained by pumping K+ from the plasma. How much work must be done to transport 1.0 mole of K+ from the blood to the inside of a muscle cell at 37C, normal body temperature? When 1.0 mole of K+ is transferred from blood to the cells, do any other ions have to be transported? Why or why not?arrow_forwardIndicate whether the following processes are spontaneous or nonspontaneous. (a) Liquid water freezing at a temperature below its freezing point (b) Liquid water freezing at a temperature above its freezing point (c) The combustion of gasoline (d) A ball thrown into the air (e) A raindrop falling to the ground (f) Iron rusting in a moist atmospherearrow_forwardOn the basis of your experience, predict which of the following reactions are spontaneous. (a) CO2(s)CO2(g) at 25C (b) NaCl(s)NaCl(l) at 25C (c) 2NaCl(s)2Na(s)+Cl2(g)(d) CO2(g)C(s)+O2(g)arrow_forward
- The free energy for a reaction decreases as temperature increases. Explain how this observation is used to determine the sign of either H or S.arrow_forwardUsing values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O() 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (b) 6 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g) C6H6() Which of these reactions is (are) predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium? Are the reactions enthalpy- or entropy-driven?arrow_forwardThe molecular scale pictures below show snapshots of a strong acid at three different instants after it is added to water. Place the three pictures in the correct order so that they show the progress of the spontaneous process that takes place as the acid dissolves in the water. Explain your answer in terms of entropyarrow_forward
- For the reaction NO(g)+NO2(g)N2O3(g) , use tabulated thermodynamic data to calculate H and S. Then use those values to answer the following questions. (a) Is this reaction spontaneous at 25°C? Explain your answer. (b) If the reaction is not spontaneous at 25°C, will it become spontaneous at higher temperatures or lower temperatures? (c) To show that your prediction is accurate, choose a temperature that corresponds to your prediction in part (b) and calculate G . (Assume that both enthalpy and entropy are independent of temperature.)arrow_forwardWhen 7.11 g NH4NO3 is added to 100 mL water, the temperature of the calorimeter contents decreases from 22.1 C to 17.1 C. Assuming that the mixture has the same specific heat as water and a mass of 107 g, calculate the heat q. Is the dissolution of ammonium nitrate exothermic or endothermic?arrow_forward
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