Problem 1PS: Solid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing water at 25 C. When the solid has completely... Problem 2PS: Acetic acid, a weak acid, was added to a beaker containing water at 25 C, giving a solution... Problem 3PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Ice melts when placed... Problem 4PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Liquid water turns to... Problem 5PS Problem 6PS: Predict whether each of the following processes results in an increase in entropy in the system.... Problem 7PS: Indicate which of the following processes are reversible. (a) Nitrogen gas expands into a vacuum.... Problem 8PS Problem 9PS Problem 10PS Problem 11PS Problem 12PS: Calculate the entropy change that occurs when 1.00 mol of steam is converted to liquid water at 100... Problem 13PS Problem 14PS: Calculate the change in entropy of a system with an increase in volume from 1.0 L to 2.0 L. Problem 15PS: The third law of thermodynamics says that a perfect crystal at 0 K has zero entropy. The standard... Problem 16PS: Identify trends in S values: (a) For the halogens: F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(), I2(s). (b) For the gaseous... Problem 17PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) dry ice (solid CO2) at 78 C or CO2(g) at 0 C (b) liquid... Problem 18PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) a sample of pure silicon (to be used in a computer chip)... Problem 19PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS0, for each of the following processes and... Problem 20PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS, for each of the following processes, and... Problem 21PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from... Problem 22PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from... Problem 23PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of... Problem 24PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of... Problem 25PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer... Problem 26PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 H2(g) SiH4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer... Problem 27PS: Calculate S(universe) for the decomposition of 1 mol of liquid water to form gaseous hydrogen and... Problem 28PS: Calculate S(universe) for the formation of 1 mol HCl(g) from gaseous hydrogen and chlorine. Is this... Problem 29PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1.... Problem 30PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1.... Problem 31PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Pb(s) +... Problem 32PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2... Problem 33PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the... Problem 34PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the... Problem 35PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are... Problem 36PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are product-... Problem 37PS: For the reaction BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g), rG = +219.7 kJ/mol-rxn. Using this value and other data... Problem 38PS: For the reaction TiCl2(s) + Cl2(g) TiCl4(), rG = 272.8 kj/mol-txn. Using this value and other data... Problem 39PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard... Problem 40PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard... Problem 41PS: Heating some metal carbonates, among them magnesium carbonate, leads to their decomposition.... Problem 42PS: Calculate rH and rS for the reaction of tin(IV) oxide with carbon. SnO2(s) + C(s) Sn(s) + CO2(g)... Problem 43PS: The ionization constant, Ka, for acetic acid is 1.8 105 at 25 C. What is the value of rG for this... Problem 44PS Problem 45PS: The standard free energy change, rG, for the formation of NO(g) from its elements is + 86.58... Problem 46PS Problem 47PS: Calculate rG at 25 C for the formation of 1.00 mol of C2H6(g) from C2H4(g) and H2(g). Use this value... Problem 48PS Problem 49PS Problem 50PS Problem 51GQ: Compare the compounds in each set below and decide which is expected to have the higher entropy.... Problem 52GQ: Using standard entropy values, calculate rS for the formation of 1.0 mol of NH3(g) from N2(g) and... Problem 53GQ: About 5 billion kilograms of benzene, C6H6, are made each year. Benzene is used as a starting... Problem 54GQ: Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an organic compound, is an industrially important... Problem 55GQ: Is the combustion of ethane, C2H6, product-favored at equilibrium at 25 C? C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2... Problem 56GQ Problem 57GQ: When vapors from hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia come in contact, they react, producing a... Problem 58GQ: Calculate S(system), S(surroundings), and S(universe) for each of the following processes at 298 K,... Problem 59GQ: Methanol is now widely used as a fuel in race cars. Consider the following reaction as a possible... Problem 60GQ: The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, is 26.0 kJ/mol at the boiling point... Problem 61GQ: Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the vaporization of ethanol, C2H5OH, at its normal boiling... Problem 62GQ: Using thermodynamic data, estimate the normal boiling point of ethanol. (Recall that liquid and... Problem 63GQ Problem 64GQ: When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, CO2 gas is evolved. The equilibrium pressure of CO2 is... Problem 65GQ: Sodium reacts violently with water according to the equation Na(s) + H2O() NaOH(aq) + H2(g)... Problem 66GQ: Yeast can produce ethanol by the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6), which is the basis for the... Problem 67GQ: Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can be made by reducing a boron halide with H2. BCl3(g)... Problem 68GQ Problem 69GQ Problem 70GQ: Estimate the boiling point of water in Denver, Colorado (where the altitude is 1.60 km and the... Problem 71GQ: The equilibrium constant for the butane iso-butane equilibrium at 25 C is 2.50. Calculate rG at... Problem 72GQ: A crucial reaction for the production of synthetic fuels is the production of H2 by the reaction of... Problem 73GQ: Calculate rG for the decomposition of sulfur trioxide to sulfur dioxide and oxygen. 2 SO3(g) 2... Problem 74GQ Problem 75GQ: A cave in Mexico was recently discovered to have some interesting chemistry. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S,... Problem 76GQ: Wet limestone is used to scrub SO2 gas from the exhaust gases of power plants. One possible reaction... Problem 77GQ: Sulfur undergoes a phase transition between 80 and 100 C. S8(rhombic) S8(monoclinic) rH = 3.213... Problem 78GQ: Calculate the entropy change for dissolving HCl gas in water at 25 C. Is the sign of rS what you... Problem 79IL: Some metal oxides can be decomposed to the metal and oxygen under reasonable conditions. Is the... Problem 80IL Problem 81IL Problem 82IL Problem 83IL: Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium carbide with carbon at a high temperature. TiO2(s) + 3... Problem 84IL: Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a potent treatment for certain types of cancers, but... Problem 85IL Problem 86SCQ: Explain why each of the following statements is incorrect. (a) Entropy increases in all spontaneous... Problem 87SCQ: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, rewrite it to make it... Problem 88SCQ: Under what conditions is the entropy of a pure substance 0 J/K mol? Could a substance at standard... Problem 89SCQ Problem 90SCQ: Consider the formation of NO(g) from its elements. N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) (a) Calculate Kp at 25 C.... Problem 91SCQ Problem 92SCQ: The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6, is 5.5 C. For the process of melting, what is the sign of... Problem 93SCQ Problem 94SCQ: For each of the following processes, predict the algebraic sign of rH, rS, and rG. No calculations... Problem 95SCQ: Heater Meals are food packages that contain their own heat source, lust pour water into the heater... Problem 96SCQ Problem 97SCQ Problem 98SCQ Problem 99SCQ: Iodine, I2, dissolves readily in carbon tetrachloride. For this process, H = 0 kJ/mol. I2(s) I2 (in... Problem 100SCQ Problem 101SCQ Problem 102SCQ Problem 103SCQ Problem 104SCQ Problem 105SCQ: The Haber-Bosch process for the production of ammonia is one of the key industrial processes in... Problem 106SCQ Problem 107SCQ format_list_bulleted