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Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780190209896
Author: Trudy McKee, James R. McKee
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Chapter 16, Problem 44SA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The way through which phosphorylation cascade stimulates synthesis of glycogen.
Introduction:
There are primarily two main types of cell-surface receptors, namely, receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors. Receptor tyrosine kinase gets activated when insulin binds to its receptor. As a consequence of binding of insulin to the receptor, a cascade of phosphorylation events takes place, which brings about changes in the activity of several enzymes. These enzymes change the expression of genes.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by activating glycogen phosphorylase. However, in the research lab, no glycogen breakdown occurred when epinephrine was added to a test tube containing the enzyme and its substrate, glycogen.
Explain why glycogen phosphorylase could be activated by epinephrine only when the hormone was added to intact cells in a solution.
Glycogen synthase in the liver is a target for phosphorylation by two protein kinases. What are these two protein kinases and how are they independently regulated by glucagon and insulin to regulate glycogen biosynthesis?
The binding of insulin to its receptor on the surface of atarget cell activates the receptor’s tyrosine kinase activity,which in turn causes several phosphorylation cascades thatalter the activity of numerous enzymes and alters the expression of genes. Describe how one of these phosphorylationcascades stimulates glycogen synthesis.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life
Ch. 16 - Prob. 1QCh. 16 - Prob. 2QCh. 16 - Prob. 3QCh. 16 - Prob. 4QCh. 16 - Prob. 5QCh. 16 - Prob. 6QCh. 16 - Prob. 7QCh. 16 - Prob. 8QCh. 16 - Prob. 1RQCh. 16 - Prob. 2RQ
Ch. 16 - Prob. 3RQCh. 16 - Prob. 4RQCh. 16 - Prob. 5RQCh. 16 - Prob. 6RQCh. 16 - Prob. 7RQCh. 16 - Prob. 8RQCh. 16 - Prob. 9RQCh. 16 - Prob. 10RQCh. 16 - Prob. 11RQCh. 16 - Prob. 12RQCh. 16 - Prob. 13RQCh. 16 - Prob. 14RQCh. 16 - Prob. 15RQCh. 16 - Prob. 16RQCh. 16 - Prob. 17RQCh. 16 - Prob. 18RQCh. 16 - Prob. 19RQCh. 16 - Prob. 20RQCh. 16 - Prob. 21RQCh. 16 - Prob. 22RQCh. 16 - Prob. 23RQCh. 16 - Prob. 24RQCh. 16 - Prob. 25RQCh. 16 - Prob. 26RQCh. 16 - Prob. 27RQCh. 16 - Prob. 28RQCh. 16 - Prob. 29RQCh. 16 - Prob. 30RQCh. 16 - Prob. 31RQCh. 16 - Prob. 32RQCh. 16 - Prob. 33RQCh. 16 - Prob. 34FBCh. 16 - Prob. 35FBCh. 16 - Prob. 36FBCh. 16 - Prob. 37FBCh. 16 - Prob. 38FBCh. 16 - Prob. 39FBCh. 16 - Prob. 40FBCh. 16 - Prob. 41FBCh. 16 - Prob. 42FBCh. 16 - Prob. 43FBCh. 16 - Prob. 44SACh. 16 - Prob. 45SACh. 16 - Prob. 46SACh. 16 - Prob. 47SACh. 16 - Prob. 48SACh. 16 - Prob. 49TQCh. 16 - Prob. 50TQCh. 16 - Prob. 51TQCh. 16 - Prob. 52TQCh. 16 - Prob. 53TQCh. 16 - Prob. 54TQCh. 16 - Prob. 55TQCh. 16 - Prob. 56TQCh. 16 - Prob. 57TQCh. 16 - Prob. 58TQCh. 16 - Prob. 59TQCh. 16 - Prob. 60TQCh. 16 - Prob. 61TQCh. 16 - Prob. 62TQCh. 16 - Prob. 63TQCh. 16 - Prob. 64TQCh. 16 - Prob. 65TQCh. 16 - Prob. 66TQCh. 16 - Prob. 67TQCh. 16 - Prob. 68TQCh. 16 - Prob. 69TQCh. 16 - Prob. 70TQCh. 16 - Prob. 71TQCh. 16 - Prob. 72TQCh. 16 - Prob. 73TQCh. 16 - Prob. 74TQCh. 16 - Prob. 75TQ
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- In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?arrow_forwardList the activators and inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase. How does phosphorylation affect its activity?arrow_forwardIn muscle tissue, the rate of conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate is determined by the ratio of phosphorylase a (active) to phosphorylase b (less active). Determine what happens to the rate of glycogen breakdown if a muscle preparation containing glycogen phosphorylase is treated with: (a) phosphorylase kinase and ATP; (b) PP1; (c) epinephrinearrow_forward
- In McArdle's disease, a type of glycogen storage disease, there is a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase. An individual with such disease is not able to exercise strenuously and experiences muscle cramps. Exercise leads to higher than normal levels of cellular ADP and Pi. Besides, lactic acid does not accumulate, as in the case of a normal individual. Explain the chemical imbalances shown in McArdle's discase.arrow_forwardHbA1c is used to monitor blood glucose levels because hemoglobin is the only protein in blood that is covalently modified by glucose. True False Insulin Glargine is a long-acting form of insulin that is synthesized with several D-amino acids that slow its proteolytic degradation and extend the half-life of the insulin Glargine molecule. True Falsearrow_forwardGenerally speaking, if glycogen phosphorylase is activated by being phosphorylated, then glycogen synthase is also activated by being phosphorylated. Select one: a. True b. Falsearrow_forward
- Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank youarrow_forwardVon Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.arrow_forwardWhat is an example of a biomolecule that interacts with Insulin? Please give a detailed explanation of that molecule's structure as well!arrow_forward
- Glucagon is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. It regulates the opposing pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by altering levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. If glucagon causes a decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, how does this increase blood glucose levels? Explain..arrow_forwardGlycogen synthase may be regulated by covalent modification and/or allosteric control. Label the diagram with the appropriate terms to describe glycogen synthase regulation. Use the following options: Glucose-6-Phospate; Insulin; Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate; Phosphorylation, Dephosphorylationarrow_forwardType VI glycogen storage disease (Hers disease) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by lack of phosphorylase kinase in the liver. In your own words describe how each of the following metabolic parameters/observations will be affected/unaffected in a person with Type VI GSD (a) Blood glucose levels, after fasting (e.g. before breakfast). (b) Blood glucose levels, immediately following a meal. (c) Storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles. (d) ATP concentration in the musclesarrow_forward
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