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All Textbook Solutions for Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
11TYK12TYKDiscuss Concepts In integrated pest management, a farmer uses a variety of tools to combat unwanted insects. These include applications of either hormones or hormone-inhibiting compounds to prevent insects from reproducing successfully. How might each of these hormone-based approaches disrupt reproduction?14TYK15TYK1ITD2ITD3ITDResearchers measured prolactin and growth hormone in the blood plasma of six subjects at regular intervals over a 24-hour period. The investigators were interested in determining if the levels of these two hormones cycle over a 24-hour period. The Figure presents the results of their experiments, with the y axis values showing the amount of each hormone expressed as a percentage of the 24-hour mean value, and each point showing the average of the six subjects levels. FIGURE Mean concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in plasma, averaged for six subjects and expressed as a percentage of the average concentrations measured for the 24-hour period. Do the results support the hypothesis that the changes in prolactin level over a 24-hour period are associated with the sleepwake cycle? Source: From J. F. Sassin et al. 1972. Human prolactin: 24-hour pattern with increased release during sleep. Science 177:12051207.1SB2SB3SB1SB2SB1SB2SB1TYK2TYK3TYK4TYK5TYK6TYKWhich of the following is not an example of a hydrostatic skeletal structure? a. the tube feet of sea urchins b. the body wall of annelids c. the mantle of squids d. the body wall of cnidarians e. the penis of mammalsEndoskeletons: a. protect internal organs and provide structures against which the force of muscle contraction can work. b. differ from exoskeletons in that endoskeletons do not support the external body. c. cannot be found in echinoderms. d. are composed of cartilaginous structures that form the skull. e. compose the arms and legs.9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYK15TYK1ITD2ITD3ITD4ITDWhat are the three basic features of animal circulatory systems?2SB3SB4SBOutline the life cycle of an erythrocyte.2SB3SB1SB2SBHow do neurogenic and myogenic hearts differ?Describe the electrical events that occur during the cardiac cyclein a mammalian heart.1SB2SB3SB1SB2SB3SB1SB1TYK2TYK3TYKA characteristic of blood circulation through or to the heart is that: a. the superior vena cava conveys blood to the head. b. the inferior vena cava conveys blood to the right atrium. c. the pulmonary arteries convey blood from the lungs to theleft atrium. d. the pulmonary veins convey blood into the left ventricle. e. the aorta branches into two coronary arteries that conveyblood from heart muscle.The heartbeat includes: a. the systole when the heart relaxes and fills. b. the diastole when the heart contracts and empties. c. pressure that causes the AV valves to open, filling the ventricles. d. rising pressure in the ventricles to open the AV valves and close the SL valves. e. the lub sound when the SL valves open and the dub sound when the AV valves close.Keeping the mammalian cardiac cycle balanced is/are: a. an AV node between the right atria atrium and right ventricle, which induces a wave of contraction. b. pacemaker cells, which compose the AV node and signal theSA node. c. an insulating layer that isolates the SA node from the rightatrium. d. ion channels in pacemaker cells, which close to depolarizetheir plasma membranes. e. neurogenic stimuli from the nervous system.7TYKCharacteristics of veins and venules are: a. thick walls. b. large muscle mass in the walls. c. a large quantity of elastin in the walls. d. low blood volume compared with arteries. e. one-way valves to prevent backflow of blood.9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYK15TYKNifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Are elevated plasma levels of nifedipine(above 10 ng/mL) required for the drug to perform its actions? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.2ITDNifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Which type of capsule would you expect to have fewer side effects? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.1SBWhat are the key differences between innate immunity andadaptive immunity?1SBWhat processes specifically cause each characteristic of theinflammatory response?3SB4SBHow, in general, do antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses help clear the body of antigens?2SB3SBWhat is clonal selection?5SB1SB2SBCompare invertebrate and mammalian immune defenses.1TYKWhich of the following is not a component of the inflammatory response? a. macrophages b. neutrophils c. B cells d. mast cells e. eosinophils3TYK4TYK5TYK6TYK7TYK8TYKAfter Sally punctured her hand with a dirty nail, she received both a vaccine and someone elses antibodies against tetanus toxin. The immunity conferred here is: both active and passive. active only. passive only. first active; later passive. innate.10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYKApply Evolutionary Thinking Defensins are found in a wide range of organisms, including plants as well as animals. What are the evolutionary implications of this observation?1ITD2ITD3ITD4ITDDistinguish between the roles of the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface in respiratory systems.What is an advantage of water over air as a respiratory medium? What are two key advantages of air over water as a respiratory medium?What advantages do gills confer on a water-breathing animal over skin breathing?2SB3SBDistinguish between positive pressure breathing and negative pressure breathing in animals with lungs.1SB2SB3SBExplain the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange.2SBWhat are the key evolutionary adaptations that diving mammals use to survive at significant ocean depths?1TYK2TYK3TYK4TYK5TYK6TYK7TYKOxygen enters the blood in the lungs because relative to alveolar air: a. the CO2 concentration in the blood is high. b. the CO2 concentration in the blood is low. c. the O2 concentration in the blood is high. d. the O2 concentration in the blood is low. e. the process is independent of gas concentrations in the blood.9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYK15TYKLycopene, which is abundant in tomatoes, is thought to have a potential benefit in protecting against many types of cancers. In the study, the results of which are shown in the Figure, mice were exposed to tobacco smoke or normal air. The amount of lung tissue damage caused by each exposure was measured in mice that were given tomato juice (1) or water (2). To estimate the destruction of the alveolar wall, a destructive index (DI) was calculated from histological slides of the lung. All lungs will show some level of damage, but a DI above 10% is considered significant destruction. What is the effect of tobacco smoke on the lung tissue in these mice? Source: Based on S. Kasagi et al. 2006. Tomato juice prevents senescence-accelerated mouse P1 strain from developing emphysema induced by chronic exposure to tobacco smoke. American Journal of PhysiologyLung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290:L396L404.2ITD1SB2SBWhat is the difference between deposit feeders and suspension feeders?1SB2SB1SB2SB3SB4SB1SB2SBHow are the different types of teeth used in feeding?What roles do symbiotic microorganisms play in digestion?1TYK2TYKThe order of successive steps in digestion is: a. absorption follows enzymatic hydrolysis. b. secretion of enzymes follows absorption of digestive material. c. mechanical processing follows enzyme secretion. d. mechanical processing follows enzymatic hydrolysis. e. enzymatic hydrolysis precedes secretion of digestive aids.4TYK5TYK6TYKIf the fat in whole milk is ingested: a. the stomach, with its high pH, will stimulate cells of the duodenum to hasten stomach emptying. b. parietal cells in the stomach will absorb it. c. in the small intestine, bile salts emulsify the fats and then lipase hydrolyzes them. d. lactase deficiency in the small intestine would prevent its digestion. e. microvilli will absorb the fat in the form of chylomicrons directly into the blood of the hepatic portal vein.The role of the liver in digestion is to: a. synthesize aminopeptidase and dipeptidase to digestpolypeptides. b. synthesize lipase to form free fatty acids. c. secrete trypsin to break the bonds in polypeptides. d. secrete bicarbonate ions and bile salts to help emulsify fats. e. store bile between meals.9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYKApply Evolutionary Thinking What is the advantage of a tubelike digestive system over a saclike digestive system?The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more of the enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would confer a selective advantage in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. The Figure shows their results. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza hunter-gatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberias Yakut. Almost 60% of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY-1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies? FIGURENumber of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. Source: G. Perry et al. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature Genetics 39:12561260.2ITD3ITDDefine the terms osmosis, osmolarity, hypoosmotic, osmoregulator, and transport epithelium.How are protonephridia, metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules different? In which animal groups are each of these excretory tubules found?1SB2SB1SB1SBReptiles and birds excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid. Is there an advantage to doing this as opposed to the mammalian process of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea?Distinguish between ectothermy and endothermy. Give one advantage and one disadvantage for each form of thermoregulation.1SB2SB1SBWhich of the following statements about osmoregulation is true? a. In freshwater invertebrates, salts move out of the body into the water because the animal is hypoosmotic to the water. b. A marine teleost has to fight gaining water because it is isoosmotic to the sea. c. Most land animals are osmoconformers. d. Vertebrates are usually osmoregulators. e. Terrestrial animals can regulate their osmolarity withoutexpending energy.2TYK3TYK4TYK5TYKWhich of the following correctly describes a part of kidney function? a. Collecting ducts dilute urine because they are permeable tosalt but not water. b. In the ascending loop of Henle, Na1 and Cl2 move into thetubules because the osmolarity of the filtrate is increased. c. The descending loop of Henle receives filtrate from theascending loop. d. The distal convoluted tubule pumps water into the tubule byactive transport. e. The renal pelvis receives urine from the collecting ducts andcarries it to the ureters.Which of the following is an example of autoregulation of kidney function? a. The RAAS regulates Na1 by secreting renin when blood pressure or blood volume decreases. b. The ADH system regulates water balance by decreasing water reabsorption and increasing excretion of salt. c. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect a higher salt concentration in the distal convoluted tubule and trigger constriction of the afferent arteriole to reduce glomerular filtration rate. d. ANF is released by the kidney to increase renin release. e. Angiotensin II lowers blood pressure by constricting arterioles.8TYK9TYK10TYK11TYKDiscuss Concepts As a person ages, nephron tubules lose some of their ability to concentrate urine. What is the effect of this change?13TYK14TYK15TYK16TYK1ITD2ITD3ITD1SBWhat are egg coats, and what is their function? What egg coats do mammalian and bird eggs have?2SBOutline the roles of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the ovarian cycle of a human female.How does the oral contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy?1TYKWhich of the following processes does not increase genetic diversity? a. parthenogenesis b. random DNA mutations c. genetic recombination d. independent assortment e. random combinations of paternal and maternalchromosomes3TYK4TYKThe slow block to polyspermy: a. is caused by a change in membrane potential from negative topositive. b. triggers the movement of Ca2+ from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum. c. triggers a decrease in egg oxidation and protein synthesis. d. describes the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei. e. includes the fusion of cortical granules with the eggs plasmamembrane.6TYK7TYK8TYK9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK14TYK15TYK16TYK17TYK18TYK1ITD2ITD3ITD1SB2SB1SB2SB3SB1SB2SB1SB2SB1SB2SB3SB1TYK2TYK3TYK4TYK5TYK6TYK7TYKIn the development of the female sex organs: a. all ducts in the 7-week embryo become Wolffian ducts. b. the SRY gene is activated. c. anti-Mullerian hormone is secreted. d. the Mullerian ducts develop into oviducts. e. the mother secretes oxytocin.In the embryonic development of the eye: a. the optic vesicle cells permanently adhere to each other to prevent movement, whereas the optic cup cells are very motile. b. the optic cup induces the surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. c. gradients determine that the ectoderm overlying the lens vesicle develops into the optic vesicle. d. microtubules powered by myosins and microfilaments powered by dyneins move the eye components around in the head region. e. cadherins function in the presence of calcium to allow the lens placode and optic cup to break apart.10TYKDiscuss Concepts Experimentally, it is possible to divide an amphibian egg so that the gray crescent is wholly within one of the two cells formed. If the two cells are separated, only the cell with the gray crescent will form an embryo with a long axis, notochord, nerve cord, and back musculature. The other forms a shapeless mass of immature gut and blood cells. Propose an explanation for these outcomes.Discuss Concepts Developmental biologist Lewis Wolpert once observed that it is not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation which is truly the most important time in your life. In what sense is he correct?Discuss Concepts Arguably, in sexually reproducing animals, development begins when eggs and sperm form in the parents. In a paragraph, explain the rationale for this idea.14TYK15TYK16TYK1ITD2ITD3ITD4ITDWhy are studies of ecosystems more inclusive than studies of populations?2SB1SB2SB3SB4SB1SB2SB1SB2SB3SB4SB1SB2SB3SB1SB2SB3SB4SB5SB1TYK2TYK3TYK4TYK5TYKThe major source of nutrients in the headwaters of a small stream is form: a. dead leaves and other organic matter from adjacent land. b. photosynthesis by phytoplankton. c. photosynthesis by floating aquatic plants. d. the activity of chemoautotrophic bacteria. e. minerals from the underlying bedrock.Which biome experiences the highest annual rainfall? a. tropical rainforest b. tropical savanna c. chaparral d. temperature grassland e. arctic tundraFrom which biome are trees excluded by periodic fires and grazing herbivores? a. tropical rainforest b. thorn forest c. chaparral d. temperate grassland e. arctic tundra9TYK10TYK11TYK12TYK13TYK1ITD2ITD3ITD1SB2SB1SB2SBTo what two broad categories of activities do children devote their energy budget?Why do fecundity and the amount of parental care devoted to each offspring exhibit an inverse relationship?How does the prediction of the exponential model of population growth differ from that of the logistic model?2SB3SB1SB2SB1SB