The Science and Engineering of Materials (MindTap Course List)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305076761
Author: Donald R. Askeland, Wendelin J. Wright
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 5, Problem 5.50P
Nitriding is a process in which nitrogen is allowed to diffuse into the surface of steel for the purpose of increasing the surface hardness of a component. It has been determined that a satisfactory nitrogen case depth is produced in BUC iron after 1 hour at 700°C. How much time is required to produce a satisfactory case depth if nitriding is carried out at 600°C?
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1. An FCC iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.20 wt% C is carburized at an elevated temperature and in an atmosphere that gives a surface carbon concentration constant at 1.0 wt%. If after 49.5 h, the concentration of carbon is 0.35 wt% at a position 4.0 mm below the surface, determine the temperature at which the treatment was carried out.
2. Consider a metal single-crystal oriented such that the normal to the slip plane and the slip direction are at angles of 60° and 35°, respectively, with the tensile axis. If the critical resolved shear stress is 20.7 MPa, will an applied stress of 45 MPa cause the single crystal to yield? If not, what stress will be necessary?
For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 18 h duration at 885°C will raise the carbon concentration
to 0.46 wt% at a point 2.0 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 8.4 mm position
for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1120°C. Assume that Do is 2.5 x 10-4 m2/s and Qa is 104 kJ/mol.
Consider the gas carburizing of a gear of 1020 steel at 927°C (1700°F) as in Example
Problem 5.2. Only in this problem calculate the carbon content at 0.50 mm beneath the sur-
face of the gear after 5 h carburizing time. Assume that the carbon content of the surface of
the gear is 0.90%, and that the steel has a nominal carbon content of 0.20%.
Danin=1.28 x 10-11 m2/s
1Solution
Chapter 5 Solutions
The Science and Engineering of Materials (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 5 - What is the driving force for diffusion?Ch. 5 - Give three examples of materials processes that...Ch. 5 - In the carburization treatment of steels, what are...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.4PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.5PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.6PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.7PCh. 5 - A certain mechanical component is heat treated...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.9PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.10P
Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.11PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.12PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.13PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.14PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.15PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.16PCh. 5 - Compare the diffusion coefficients of carb on in...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.18PCh. 5 - Activation energy is sometimes expressed as...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.20PCh. 5 - The activation energy for the diffusion of copper...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.22PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.23PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.24PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.25PCh. 5 - Write down Fick’s first law of diffusion. Clearly...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.27PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.28PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.29PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.30PCh. 5 - A 1-mm-thick BCC iron foil is used to separate a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.32PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.33PCh. 5 - A 0.001 in. BCC iron foil is used to separate a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.35PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.36PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.37PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.38PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.39PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.40PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.41PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.42PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.43PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.44PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.45PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.46PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.47PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.48PCh. 5 - Pure zinc is to be diffused into copper by dipping...Ch. 5 - Nitriding is a process in which nitrogen is...Ch. 5 - Determine the carburizing time necessary to...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.52PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.53PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.54PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.55PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.56PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.57PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.58PCh. 5 - Compare the rate at which oxygen ions diffuse in...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.60PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.61PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.62PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.63PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.64PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.65PCh. 5 - A 0.80% C steel must operate at 950°C in an...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.67PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.68PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.69PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.70PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.71PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.72PCh. 5 - Most metals and alloys can be processed using the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.74PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.75PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.76PCh. 5 - A ceramic part made from MgO is sintered...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.78PCh. 5 - What are the advantages of using hot pressing and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.80PCh. 5 - Prob. 5.81DPCh. 5 - Design a spherical tank, with a will thickness of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.83DPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.84DPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.85DPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.86CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.87CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.88CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.1KP
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- For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 16 h duration at 731°C will raise the carbon concentration to 0.40 wt% at a point 3.9 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 7.9 mm position for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1060°C. Assume that Do is 1.9 x 105 m²/s and Quis 108 kJ/mol, 3.89 -land Madin harrow_forwardTo increase hardness of steel gear, it was carburized at 1040°C by introducing 1.5%C at its steel surface. What will be the final carbon content 0.0014 m beneath the surface if this treatment was lasted for 12 hours. The initial carbon content of steel is 0.1%C. (gas constant is 8.31 J/mol K).arrow_forwardDetermine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.50 wt% at a position 1.2 mm into an iron-carbon alloy that initially contains 0.18 wt% C. The surface concentration is to be maintained at 1.1 wt% C, and the treatment is to be conducted at 1200°C. Assume that Do 6.5 x 10-5 m2/s and Qd = 168 kJ/mol. The following table may be useful. %3D Table 5.1 Tabulation of Error Function Values erf(z) erf(z) erf(z) 0.55 0.5633 1.3 0.9340 0.0282 0.0564 0.025 0.60 0.6039 1.4 0.9523 0.05 0.10 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.6420 1.5 0.9661 0.1125 0.6778 1.6 0.9763 0.15 0.1680 0.7112 1.7 0.9838 0.20 0.2227 0.80 0.7421 1.8 0.9891 0.85 0.90 0.25 0.2763 0.7707 1.9 0.9928 0.9953 0.9981 0.30 0.3286 0.7970 2.0 0.35 0.3794 0.95 0.8209 2.2 0.8427 0.8802 0.40 0.4284 1.0 2.4 0.9993 0.45 0.4755 1.1 2.6 0.9998 0.50 0.5205 1.2 0.9103 2.8 0.9999arrow_forward
- Determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.50 wt% at a position 3.1 mm into an iron-carbon alloy that initially contains 0.12 wt% C. The surface concentration is to be maintained at 1.2 wt% C, and the treatment is to be conducted at 1080°C. Assume that Do = 5.8 x 10-5 m²/s and Qd = 156 kJ/mol. The table Tabulation Error Function Values may be useful.arrow_forwardTo increase the hardness of a steel gear, it was carburized at 850oC by introducing 1.3%C at its steel surface. What will be the final carbon content 1.4 mm beneath the surface if this treatment was lasted for 26 hours. The initial carbon content of steel is 0.1%C. (gas constant is 8.31 j/mol.K)arrow_forward•You are case-hardening a tool made of BCC (α) iron in the presence of a carbonaceous material. A heat treatment at 600 oC for 100 minutes results in a carbon concentration of 0.75 wt% at a position 0.5mm below the surface. How long would it take to obtain the same concentration at the same position if the heat treatment were conducted at 900 oC? x12/D1t1= x22/D2t2 Arrhenius equation: D=D0e^(〖-Qd〗∕RT) Qd = Activation energy of diffusion D0 = Pre-exponential diffusion factor R = gas constant = 8.314 J/(mol*K) Use the Arrhenius equation to calculate D1 and D2. Calculate the time to satisfy the problem statement.arrow_forward
- Describe the cooling of a peritectic alloy with the concentration CO and sketch the microstructure during solidification. T S+α 8 S S+B a+ß В сarrow_forwardDiffusion 4) Determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.4wt% at a position 0.5 mm into an iron-carbon alloy that initially contains 0.2wt% C. The surface concentration is to be maintained at 0.9wt% and the treatment is to be conducted at 927°C. D @927 °C = 1.28 x 10" m'/s Critical Resolved Shear Stress 5) A single crystal of a metal has a critical shear stress of 2.2 MPa. If a stress of 5 MPa is applied along the [100] direction of a unit cell then what will be the resolved shear stress for the (111)[101] slip system? Will the crystal exhibit slip? Schmid's Law Sie Sie plane crection A•B/(A||B)arrow_forwardProblem 2 Consider the gas carburizing of a gear 1020 steel at 927°C. Calculate the time (in minute) necessary to increase the carbon content to 0.40 wt% at 0.5 mm below the surface. Assume that the carbon content at the surface 0.9 wt% and that the steel has a nominal carbon content of 0.2 wt%. Given: Diffusivity of C in Fe at 9270C is 1.28 x 10-11 m²s-1, activation energy is 148 kJmol-1, gas constant is 8.31 Jmol-1K-1, if erf (Z) = 0.7143, Z = 0.755. %3Darrow_forward
- For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 11.4h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.410 wt% at a point 2.10 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 4.60 mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature. iarrow_forwardGiven that a component is made of 0.1 wt.%C steel is carburized by introducing 1.0 wt.% carbon at its surface at 980ºC. Calculate the carbon content at 0.5 mm below the surface of this component after 1 hour.Do= 0.2 cm^2/s and Qd=40,000 cal/mol.arrow_forwardQuestion: 4 A sheet of copper is exposed to oxygen at 1000°C. After 100 h, 0.245 g of copper are lost per cm' of surface area; after 250 h, 0.385 g/ cm² are lost; and after 500 h, 0.560 g/ em are lost. i. Determine whether oxidation is parabolic, linear, or logarithmic ii. Calculate the time required for a 0.76-cm sheet of copper to be completely oxidized. The sheet of copper is oxidized from both sides.arrow_forward
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