The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and Δ H ° should be calculated for each step. Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction ( Δ H ° rxn ) has been introduced. The formula to calculate Δ H ° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows: Δ H ° = Sum of D H ° of bonds broken − Sum of D H ° of bonds formed

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Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

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Free radical halogenation is used to replace one or more hydrogens on an alkane with one or more halogens (either chlorine or bromine). It is a substitution reaction. A student performs a free radical bromination on 3-methyl-pentane (5.88 g) to create the desired product of 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane. The product mix, which hopefully contains almost all 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane, is cleaned up by passing it through a gas chromoatograph, which separates out the 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane from any undesired products made during the reaction (undesired products are created frequently in free radical halogenation). The initial product mix weighed 9.45 g; the purified 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane weighed 7.21 g. What is the student's percent recovery?

2. In the bromination reactions, what is the function of CCl4? Why can it fulfil its role?3. Bromination proceeds by either free radical substitution or electrophillic addition. Based on Table 3, which mechanism is followed by alkanes? by alkenes? by alkynes?4. For which hydrocarbon type is light necessary for bromination to take place?

When free radical halogenation is performed with one of the compounds below, only a single product with the formula C5H11Cl is isolated. Which compound fits this description? Select one: a. 2,2-dimethylpropane b. cyclopentane c. pentane d. 2-methylbutane

Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The initiation, propagation and termination step of treatment of methane with hydrogen peroxide should be written and ΔH° should be calculated for each step.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° for overall of methane with hydrogen peroxideshould be calculated.

Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive, the system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction (ΔH°rxn) has been introduced. The formula to calculate ΔH° from bond dissociation of reactants and products is as follows:

ΔH°=Sum of DH° of bonds broken−Sum of DH° of bonds formed

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of ΔH° obtained with peroxide should be compared to values of ΔH° in case of chlorination of methane.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reaction that is faster among reaction of methane with chlorine or peroxide should be identified.

Concept introduction:Hammond postulate states that exothermic reactions are characterized by early transition states that resemble the structure of substrate more than the product. Slow or endothermic processes are characterized by late transition states that resemble the almost formed bonds as in the products.The energy profile diagram relates the barrier required to attain a transition state as illustrated below:

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 17

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.2TIY Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.3E Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3.5TIY Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.6E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.7E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.9TIY Ch. 3.9 - Prob. 3.11TIY Ch. 3.11 - Prob. 3.12E Ch. 3 - Prob. 15P Ch. 3 - Prob. 16P

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