Concept explainers
Although we usually think of substances as “burning” only in oxygen gas, the process of rapid oxidation to produce a flame may also take place in other strongly oxidizing gases. For example, when iron is heated and placed in pure chlorine gas. The iron “burns” according to the following (unbalanced) reaction:
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w many milligrams of iron(III) chloride result when 15.5 mg of iron is reacted with an excess of chlorine gas?
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
- A power plant is driven by the combustion of a complex fossil fuel having the formula C11H7S. Assume the air supply is composed of only N2 and O2 with a molar ratio of 3.76:1.00, and the N2 remains unreacted. In addition to the water produced, the fuels C is completely combusted to CO2 and its sulfur content is converted to SO2. In order to evaluate gases emitted at the exhaust stacks for environmental regulation purposes, the nitrogen supplied with the air must also be included in the balanced reactions. a Including the N2 supplied m the air, write a balanced combustion equation for the complex fuel assuming 100% stoichiometric combustion (i.e., when there is no excess oxygen in the products and the only C-containing product is CO2). Except in the case of N2, use only integer coefficients. b Including N2 supplied in the air, write a balanced combustion equation for the complex fuel assuming 120% stoichiometric combustion (i.e., when excess oxygen is present in the products and the only C-containing product is CO2). Except in the case of use only integer coefficients c Calculate the minimum mass (in kg) of air required to completely combust 1700 kg of C11H7S. d Calculate the air/fuel mass ratio, assuming 100% stoichiometric combustion. e Calculate the air/fuel mass ratio, assuming 120% stoichiometric combustion.arrow_forwardA rebreathing gas mask contains potassium superoxide, KO2, which reacts with moisture in the breath to give oxygen. 4KO2(s)+2H2O(l)4KOH(s)+3O2(g) Estimate the grams of potassium superoxide required to supply a persons oxygen needs for one hour. Assume a person requires 1.00 102 kcal of energy for this time period. Further assume that this energy can be equated to the heat of combustion of a quantity of glucose, C6H12O6, to CO2(g) and H2O(l). From the amount of glucose required to give 1.00 102 kcal of heat, calculate the amount of oxygen consumed and hence the amount of KO2 required. The ff0 for glucose(s) is 1273 kJ/mol.arrow_forwardThe units of ku are mL (g−1·h−1) but the unit of ke is hour−1. Why?arrow_forward
- Industrial production of nitric acid, which is used in many products including fertilizers and explosives, approaches 10 billion kg per year worldwide. The first step in its production is the exothermic oxidation of ammonia, represented by the following equation. 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) ΔH⁰rxn = −902.0 kJ If this reaction is carried out using 7.000 ✕ 103 g NH3 as the limiting reactant, what is the change in enthalpy?arrow_forwardCombustion of hydrocarbons such as undecane (C11H24) produces carbon dioxide, a "greenhouse gas." Greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere can trap the Sun's heat, raising the average temperature of the Earth. For this reason there has been a great deal of international discussion about whether to regulate the production of carbon dioxide. 1. Write a balanced chemical equation, including physical state symbols, for the combustion of liquid undecane into gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water. 2. Suppose 0.310kg of undecane are burned in air at a pressure of exactly 1atm and a temperature of 18.0°C. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas that is produced. Round your answer to 3 significant digits. = Larrow_forwardFor the following problem you should describe in complete sentences the steps you would take to solve the problem and indicate what information you obtain in each step. You do not need to find a numerical answer. You might want to use dimensional analysis to show that your answer has the correct units. Each year in the spring rhododendrons should be fertilized. The recommended fertilizer is described as 10-8-6, which means 10% N, 8% P2O5 and 6% K2O by mass. How many grams of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) would you need to produce 1 kg of fertilizer that is 10% N? You do not need to consider the other compounds that are necessary to provide phosphorous and potassium.arrow_forward
- What is the sum of coefficients from the following reaction (both products and reactants)? X(OH)5 + Heat --->arrow_forwardWhen 135 mL of 0.204 M NaCl(aq) and 135 mL of 0.204 M AgNO3(aq), both at 21.5°C, are mixed in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature of the mixture increases to 24.0°C as solid AgCl forms. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) This precipitation reaction produces 2.81 ✕ 103 J of heat, assuming no heat is absorbed by the calorimeter, no heat is exchanged between the calorimeter and its surroundings, and that the specific heat and density of the solutions are the same as those for water (4.18 J/g·°C, and 0.997 g/mL, respectively). Using this data, calculate ΔH in kJ/mol of AgNO3(aq) for the given reaction. ______________ kJ/molarrow_forwardWhen 130. mL of 0.198 M NaCl(aq) and 130. mL of 0.198 M AgNO3(aq), both at 21.8°C, are mixed in a coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature of the mixture increases to 24.2°C as solid AgCl forms. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) This precipitation reaction produces 2.60 ✕ 103 J of heat, assuming no heat is absorbed by the calorimeter, no heat is exchanged between the calorimeter and its surroundings, and that the specific heat and density of the solutions are the same as those for water (4.18 J/g·°C, and 0.997 g/mL, respectively). Using this data, calculate ΔH in kJ/mol of AgNO3(aq) for the given reaction. This is the complete question, nothing was left out. Thank youarrow_forward
- In biological systems, enzymes are used to accelerate the rates of certain biological reactions. Glucoamylase is an enzyme that aids in the conversion of starch to glucose (a sugar that cells use for energy). Experiments show that 1 μg mol of glucoamylase in a 4% starch solution results in a production rate of glucose of 0.6 μg mol/(mL)(min). Determine the production rate of glucose for this system in units of lb mol/(ft3)(day). A. 0.0015 lb mol/(ft3)(day) B. 0.0315 lb mol/(ft3)(day) C. 0.0539 lb mol/(ft3)(day) D. 0.3569 lb mol/(ft3)(day)arrow_forwardGypsum is the hydrate of calcium sulfate, CaSO4 · 2 H2O. It is the primary material in sheet rock, used to make walls in houses. If you heat 21.05 g of the hydrate and drive off the water, what is the weight of the anhydrous salt remaining? Report your response to the proper degree of certainty and include the correct unit symbol (i.e., g, mL, km, etc.).arrow_forwardCharcoal is primarily carbon. What mass of CO2 is produced if you burn enough carbon (in the form of charcoal) to produce 5.10×102kJ of heat? The balanced chemical equation is as follows: C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g),ΔH∘rxn=−393.5kJ Express the mass in grams to three significant figures.arrow_forward
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