Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “CoA-SH is a reactant” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “a molecule of ADP is produced” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activated fatty acid-CoA that is formed after the activation of the fatty acid molecule in the oxidation process of fatty acids is called acyl CoA.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) provides energy to carry out the
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “the site for the process is the outer mitochondrial membrane” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “two ATP molecules are consumed”is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule is the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.
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EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Which of the following produces the highest number of reducing equivalent molecules per mole of a saturated 10 carbon fatty acid chain in aerobic conditions? A. Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate B. the Electron Transport Chain C. Oxidation of a-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-COA D. the B-Oxidation "spiral"arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the chemical end product of fatty-acids metabolized in the beta-oxidation pathway? Select one: a. Beta-carotine b. Free-radicals c. Lactic acid d. Acetyl-CoA e. Pyruvatearrow_forwardIn the context of fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA, indicate whether each of the following substances is involved in (1) fatty acid activation, (2) fatty acid trans-port, or (3) b-oxidation pathway. More than one choice may be correct in a given situation. a. AMp b. FAD c. Acyl CoA d. H2Oarrow_forward
- Pyruvate is transformed to Acetyl-CoA in one of two ways: a. in the cytoplasm by an oxidative carboxylation process b.Through the mitochondrial matrix's oxidative decarboxylation mechanism C. In the mitochondrial matrix, via a dehydration process d.Through the liver's glucose-6-phosphatasearrow_forwardWhen one acetyl CoA is processed through the citric acid cycle, how many times does each of the following events occur? a. A FAD molecule is a reactant. b. A CoA-SH molecule is produced. c. A dehydrogenase enzyme is needed for the reaction to occur. d. A C5 molecule is produced.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the ß-oxidation cycle is/are TRUE?A. The fatty acyl produced is shorter by 2 carbon atoms than the previous cycle.B. The two oxidation reactions involve both NADH and NADPH.C. Acetyl-CoA is produced in the hydration reaction.D. In the cleavage reaction, the bond between the α- and β- carbons become a double bund.arrow_forward
- The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is: a. The reduction of the acetoacetyl group to a ?-hydroxybutyryl group b. Formation of malonyl-CoA from malonate and coenzyme A. c. Condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. d. The reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.arrow_forwardIf glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of: a. cerotic acidb. heptadecanoic acidc. palmitoleic acidarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning the enzyme regulation is CORRECT? Select one: A. Citrate is the allosteric inhibitor of hexokinase. B. AMP is the alloseric activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase. C. Glucose-6-phosphate is the allosteric activator for phosphofructokinase. D. ATP is the activator of pyruvate kinase.arrow_forward
- Fatty acid biosynthesis differs from β-oxidation in that: A. NADP+ is used in biosynthesis but not in β-oxidation. B. Biosynthesis uses malonyl-CoA while β-oxidation does not. C. Biosynthesis occurs in the cytoplasm while β-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. D. Biosynthesis is a reductive process while β-oxidation is oxidation.arrow_forwardPhosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements correctly describes phosphofructokinase activity? a. It is inhibited by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. b. It catalyzes a reaction which increases the rate of the overall pathway. c. It catalyzes an early step of glycolysis which has the lowest level of activation energy among the overall pathway. d. It is activated by ATP. e. It is inhibited by AMP.arrow_forwardGiven that malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase which of the following statements is TRUE? a. FADH2 results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. b. All electron transport is inhibited. c. Transfer of electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. d. Transfer of electrons from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) is inhibited. e. NADH results in only 4 H+ being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. Clear my choicearrow_forward
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