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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether carboxylation occurs in the production of (1) acetyl CoA (2), acetyl ACP (3) malonyl CoA, or (4) malonyl ACP in the lipogenesis process has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
Acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP are needed to start the cyclic process for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether enzyme acetyl transferase is needed in the production of (1) acetyl CoA (2), acetyl ACP (3) malonyl CoA, or (4) malonyl ACP in the lipogenesis process has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
Acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP are needed to start the cyclic process for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether B vitamin biotin is involved in the production of (1) acetyl CoA (2), acetyl ACP (3) malonyl CoA, or (4) malonyl ACP in the lipogenesis process has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
Acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP are needed to start the cyclic process for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether acetyl CoA and ACP are the reactants in the production of (1) acetyl CoA (2), acetyl ACP (3) malonyl CoA, or (4) malonyl ACP in the lipogenesis process has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
Acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP are needed to start the cyclic process for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- (a) Briefly describe the relationship between intracellular malonyl-CoA levels in the liver and the control of ketogenesis. (b) Describe how the action of hexokinase IV helps the liver to buffer the level of blood glucose.arrow_forwardA patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor Barrow_forwardBile salts are responsible for the... A. transport of triacylglycerols to adipocytes. B. transport of fatty acids from adipocytes to myocytes. C. exposure of triacylglycerols to intestinal lipases. D. prevention of triacylglycerol to diacylglycerol degradation.arrow_forward
- Which of the below statements are FALSE? I: Cholesterol synthesis is regulated by covalent modification of HMG-COA reductase II: Inhibition of ACAT mediated increase in esterification of cholesterol esters III: Transcriptional regulation of the LDL particle regulates cholesterol synthesis IV: Squalene is a cholesterol precursor V: All the carbons in cholesterol comes from acetyl-CoA O A. I, II O B. II, V O C. II, II O D.I, IVarrow_forwardStatin drugs are used to treat hypercholesterolemia because they a. prevent cholesterol from inserting in plasma membranes b. prevent cholesterol ester formation c. inhibit HMG-CoA reductase d. stimulate HMG-CoA synthasearrow_forwardOrder the steps that results in a triacylglycerol containing two palmitic acids and one stearic acid. a. Diacylglycerol reacts with an fatty-acyl-CoA b. Phosphate is remove from phosphatidic acid to form diacylglycerol c. Two of the fatty acyl-CoAs react with glycerol-3-phosphate d. An elongase produce stearic acid e. Stearoyl-CoA is synthesized…arrow_forward
- Consider the following statements: (1) the products of the first two stages of cholesterol biosynthesis are, respectively, mevalonate (C6) and isopentyl pyrophosphate (2) Over 90 percent of the total dietary lipids are triaglycerols (3) The activation stages of fatty acid oxidation involves both CoA & ATP Choices: a. Only one of the statements is true b. All three statements are true c. Two of the three statements are true d. None of the statements are truearrow_forwardIndicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway in the given conditions a. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 b. high malonyl CoA to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I C. Epinephrine to the activity og glycogen synthase d. high citrate to the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase e. high acetyl CoA to ketogenesisarrow_forwardWhich of the following describes the function of lipoprotein lipase? Select one: a. It catalyzes the synthesis of lipoproteins b. It helps recycle unused cholesterol by converting to bile salts c. It helps to transport VLDL's in the blood d. It cleaves fatty acids from chylomicrons e. It helps to increase concentration of "good cholesterol"arrow_forward
- β-oxidation is inhibited by A. high acetyl-CoA levels B. low malonyl-CoA levels C. protein kinase A activity D. phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylasearrow_forwardWhich of the below statements are FALSE? I: Cholesterol synthesis is regulated by covalent modification of HMG-CoA reductase II: Inhibition of ACAT mediated increase in esterification of cholesterol esters III: Transcriptional regulation of the LDL particle regulates cholesterol synthesis IV: Squalene is a cholesterol precursor V: All the carbons in cholesterol comes from acetyl-CoA A. I, III B. II, V C. II, III D. I, IVarrow_forwardIn type I diabetes mellitus, excessive production of acetyl-CoA may surpass the body’s capacity to oxidize it. As a result, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone (ketone bodies) accumulate. When generated in large amounts, blood pH falls, thereby reducing the capacity of red blood cells to carry oxygen. Explain in general terms how high concentrations of ketone bodies may result in a fatal coma.arrow_forward
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