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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl CoA is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The fatty acid is activated by CoA and ATP. The activated fatty acid-CoA is called acyl CoA.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl carnitine enters the inner mitochondrial membrane” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether “acyl carnitine is converted to carnitine” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether “coenzyme A is a product” in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in the carnitine shuttle system associated with the β-oxidation process has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The enzymes that are needed for the oxidation of fatty acid are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix because it is too large. A shuttle mechanism that involves the molecule carnitine effects the entry of acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Pyruvate is transformed to Acetyl-CoA in one of two ways: a. in the cytoplasm by an oxidative carboxylation process b.Through the mitochondrial matrix's oxidative decarboxylation mechanism C. In the mitochondrial matrix, via a dehydration process d.Through the liver's glucose-6-phosphatasearrow_forwardAn essential characteristic of the malate-aspartate electron shuttle is that? A. it is a NADH/aspartate antiport located in the inner mitochondrial membrane B. it involves a malate dehydrogenase embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane C. it shuttles the electrons from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane to allow NADH formation inside the mitochondrial matrix D. glycerol-3-phosphate is a key component of this shuttle processarrow_forwardThe formation of acetyl CoA... A) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, after moving across the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. B) occurs in the cytoplasm prior to transport into the mitochondrial matrix. C) involves activation of acyl groups derived from pyruvate. D) A and C E) B and Carrow_forward
- Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that can exist in various forms. If accidentally ingested or inhaled, cyanide can cause rapid death by binding to complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. A.What is the mechanism by which cyanide stops cellular respiration? Be specific. B.Does cyanide cause an effect at the beginning or the end of the cellular respiration pathway? C.Does this make a difference on the effect that this chemical can have on our cells? Why? D.How does cyanide’s course of action affect the remainder of the cellular respiration pathway? E.If a person accidentally swallows cyanide, mention a potential treatment that is currently available. What is the mechanism of action of this treatment? Be specific. Please answer completely will give rating surely All questions answers neededarrow_forwardWhich of the following is incorrect about the fifth step (conversion of succinyl-CoA, GDP, and Pi to succinate and GTP) of the citric acid cycle? a. GTP is made because succinyl-CoA is a thioester b. It is not regulated c. It involves a "substrate level" phosphorylation of GDP d. It is irreversiblearrow_forwardAll of the following components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain contain several nitrogen atoms, with the exception of: A. the cytochrome b-cı complex B. the cytochrome c oxidase complex C. coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) D. the cytochrome a-a3 complex E. cytochrome carrow_forward
- Which of the following components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is not integral to the inner mitochondrial membrane (of a typical eukaryotic cell)? A. the cytochrome c oxidase complex B. coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) C. the cytochrome b-cı complex D. cytochrome c E. the cytochrome a-a3 complexarrow_forwardConcerning the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), which of the following statements is false? a. Substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle produces 2 GTP per the oxidation of a single glucose molecule b. The TCA cycle generates electron carriers c. Oxidation of pyruvate in the matrix of the mitochondria produces sixteen total electrons d. The fate of the carbonyl carbon of acetyl CoAin the TCA cycle is to be lost as CO2 in the second turn e. Radiolabeling of the methyl carbon of pyruvate in the TCA cycle shows the carbon signal to split through successive turnsarrow_forwardCitrate synthase is a nuclear-encoded enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle. The enzyme is functional in the mitochondrial matrix. Looking at the system required for mitochondrial targeting and import of citrate synthase, which of the following statements are correct? 1. Proper import and processing of citrate synthase is dependent upon other proteins found in the mitochondria. 2. Because of the signal peptide, the mature functional enzyme is actually longer than it would be if it was coded by the organelle genome. 3. Because the citrate synthase signal peptide doesn’t have a precise amino acid signature, mutations that slightly change the primary sequence have no effect on targeting. 4. To get citrate synthase into the mitochondrial matrix requires two signal sequences: one to get it across the outer membrane and a second to get it across the inner membrane. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correctarrow_forward
- a) Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecules can be formed from the breakdown of a molecule of Acetyl- CoA into carbon dioxide and water. The prerequisite is that the entire proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane can be used for ATP production and that the ATP synthase has 6 c-subunits.arrow_forwardThe mitochondrial membrane potential is an indicator of cell viability. Think about mitochondrial function and decide which of these statements best describes the mitochondrial membrane potential. a.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the outer mitochondrial membrane b.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane c.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane d.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membranearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning the glyoxylate cycle is false? a. In the glyoxylate cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with glyoxylate to produce malate b. It bypasses part of the TCA cycle by converting isocitrate to glyoxylate and succinate. c. It usually occurs in the mitochondria d. It allows the organisms that possess this cycle to produce carbohydrates from fats. e. two molecules of acetyl-CoA can be converted to one molecule of oxaloacetatearrow_forward
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