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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The following intermediate compound generated in the first or second cycle of the lipogenesis pathway is produced by (1) a dehydration reaction, (2) a hydrogenation reaction, or (3) a condensation reaction has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The different reactions that are involved in the cyclic process are:
In hydrogenation reaction, a hydrogen molecule (H2) is added to an organic substance; in hydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is added to an unsaturated substrate; in the condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a single product.
The first turn of the cyclic process produces four-carbon acyl group and the further turns add two carbon unit to the four-carbon acyl group. Therefore, the first turn has four carbon units and the second turn has six carbon unit in their intermediate compound.
(b)
Interpretation:
The following intermediate compound generated in the first or second cycle of the lipogenesis pathway is produced by (1) a dehydration reaction, (2) a hydrogenation reaction, or (3) a condensation reaction has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The different reactions that are involved in the cyclic process are:
In hydrogenation reaction, a hydrogen molecule (H2) is added to an organic substance; in hydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is added to an unsaturated substrate; in the condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a single product.
The first turn of the cyclic process produces four-carbon acyl group and the further turns add two carbon unit to the four-carbon acyl group. Therefore, the first turn has four carbon units and the second turn has six carbon unit in their intermediate compound.
(c)
Interpretation:
The following intermediate compound generated in the first or second cycle of the lipogenesis pathway is produced by (1) a dehydration reaction, (2) a hydrogenation reaction, or (3) a condensation reaction has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The different reactions that are involved in the cyclic process are:
In hydrogenation reaction, a hydrogen molecule (H2) is added to an organic substance; in hydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is added to an unsaturated substrate; in the condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a single product.
The first turn of the cyclic process produces four-carbon acyl group and the further turns add two carbon unit to the four-carbon acyl group. Therefore, the first turn has four carbon units and the second turn has six carbon unit in their intermediate compound.
(d)
Interpretation:
The following intermediate compound generated in the first or second cycle of the lipogenesis pathway is produced by (1) a dehydration reaction, (2) a hydrogenation reaction, or (3) a condensation reaction has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The different reactions that are involved in the cyclic process are:
In hydrogenation reaction, a hydrogen molecule (H2) is added to an organic substance; in hydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is added to an unsaturated substrate; in the condensation reaction, two molecules combine to form a single product.
The first turn of the cyclic process produces four-carbon acyl group and the further turns add two carbon unit to the four-carbon acyl group. Therefore, the first turn has four carbon units and the second turn has six carbon unit in their intermediate compound.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Years ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol asweight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomitant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad (i.e., fatal) idea?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Dehydrogenase enzyme vs. dehydratase enzyme(in context of lipid metabolism). 2. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 3. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.arrow_forwardB. Consider the following types of cells and their respective conditions: i. a liver cell with non-functional malate-aspartate shuttle* ii. a skeletal muscle cell lacking oxygen iii. a cell with ATP synthase deficiency* * Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (which will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis b. ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) c. ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) d. Total net ATParrow_forward
- Describe the two phases of the the HMP shunt. Enumerate the reactions in each phase and the corresponding enzyme of each reation. Explain how the HMP shunt is regulated?arrow_forward10a) Outline the mechanism for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA which is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. b) Of the five steps involved with this process, which would most likely be metabolically irreversible under physiological conditions?arrow_forwardFill in the volumes required to make the standard glucose solutions of various conentrations provided. provide calculations as well.arrow_forward
- Describe the cause and significance of metabolicsyndrome.arrow_forwardDescribe the breakdown of sucrose in the body and the revelant pathways of the byproducts. In the breakdown, be sure to use the following terms: active site, disaccharide, enzyme-substrate complex, fructose, glucose, glycosidic bond, hydrolysis, product, substrate, sucrase (the enzyme that splits sucrose), and sucrose. Also explain what happens to glucose and fructose in the liver.arrow_forwardDefine deaminationarrow_forward
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