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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “acetyl CoA is a product” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “a phosphorylation enzyme is needed” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activated fatty acid-CoA that is formed after the activation of the fatty acid molecule in the oxidation process of fatty acids is called acyl CoA.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “a molecule of AMP is produced” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activated fatty acid-CoA that is formed after the activation of the fatty acid molecule in the oxidation process of fatty acids is called acyl CoA.
AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is an important
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether the statement “the activation product is acyl CoA” is true or false relating to the fatty acid activation process that occurs prior to the β-oxidation pathway has to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The first stage of fatty acid oxidation is the activation of fatty acids in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Which of the following produces the highest number of reducing equivalent molecules per mole of a saturated 10 carbon fatty acid chain in aerobic conditions? A. Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate B. the Electron Transport Chain C. Oxidation of a-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-COA D. the B-Oxidation "spiral"arrow_forwardFive coenzymes are required by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the citric acid cycle that converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.a. Identify the coenzymes.b. Propose a mechanism for the reaction.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the pathway by which fatty acids are degraded (B-oxidation) with the pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA. Comment on the following: (i) nature of the "activated" structures (ii) coenzymes involved (iii) stereochemistry of the intermediates (iv) sites where pathways occurarrow_forward
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex gates the entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle, catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate generated during glycolysis and the transfer of an acetate fragment onto coenzyme A. a. Why is the PDH complex allosterically regulated by fatty acids? What energetic/ metabolic state is signaled by fatty acid binding? b. Pyruvate carboxylase allows the bypass of the citric acid cycle to generate oxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction requires the cleavage of ATP with bicarbonate to make a high energy CO2 donor, carboxyphosphate (shown). Why is the carboxylation reaction difficult enough to necessitate coupling to the overall hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi? HOL Å-00 НО OO carboxyphosphatearrow_forwardA biological Claisen reaction occurs in the conversion of two acetyl CoA molecules to one acetoacetyl CoA. Analyze each step of the incomplete mechanism and add the missing curved arrows. The base is abbreviated as B: in the mechanism.arrow_forwardFatty acid biosynthesis differs from β-oxidation in that: A. NADP+ is used in biosynthesis but not in β-oxidation. B. Biosynthesis uses malonyl-CoA while β-oxidation does not. C. Biosynthesis occurs in the cytoplasm while β-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. D. Biosynthesis is a reductive process while β-oxidation is oxidation.arrow_forward
- Compare between the Kreb cycle and fatty acid synthesis pathways in term of: 1. The type of metabolic pathway (catabolic or anabolic). 2. The reducing or oxidizing coenzymes needed for these pathways 3. Location of these pathways inside the cell. 4. Fate of acetyl CoA in both pathwaysarrow_forwardExplain why people with Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency are advised to eat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates. How is this condition normally diagnosed?arrow_forwardAcetly CoA can quickly enter the citric acid cyle by joining with a C4 compound and forming citrate. Meanwhile, GTP (or ATP) is generated using inorganic phosphate while succinyl CoA is converted to succinate. What is the main reason both acetly CoA and succinyl CoA can perform such work? a. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both contain coenzyme A, which is a high-energy compound. b. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both form an unstable thioester bond with coenzyme A. c. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both bind with inorganic phosphate which is used to generate ATP (or GTP). d. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both transiently form a covalent bond with the enzymes that catalyze the next reaction, pyruvate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase, respectively. e. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA use the energy collected from the electron transport chain.arrow_forward
- Order the steps that results in a triacylglycerol containing two palmitic acids and one stearic acid. a. Diacylglycerol reacts with an fatty-acyl-CoA b. Phosphate is remove from phosphatidic acid to form diacylglycerol c. Two of the fatty acyl-CoAs react with glycerol-3-phosphate d. An elongase produce stearic acid e. Stearoyl-CoA is synthesized…arrow_forwardConsider docosanoic acid C12H43CO2H a. Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Show the beta-oxidation in an EXPANDED structure. b. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? d. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. f. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? g. What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid? Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from a to e]arrow_forwardThe following are the negative regulators of phosphofructokinase except Select one: a. AMP +b. H c. Citrate d. ATParrow_forward
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