Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The total number of β-oxidation turns required for the conversion of a C14 saturated acid entirely to acetyl CoA has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acyl CoA chains into smaller fatty acyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this
(b)
Interpretation:
The total yield of acetyl CoA during the entire conversion of a C14molecule into acetyl CoA has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acyl CoAchains into smaller fatty acyl CoAchains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2and NADH.
(c)
Interpretation:
The total yield of NADH molecule produced in the complete conversion of a C14 molecule into acetyl CoA has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acyl CoAchains into smaller fatty acyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH.
(d)
Interpretation:
The total yield of FADH2 molecule produced in the complete conversion of a C14 molecule into acetyl CoA has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acyl CoAchains into smaller fatty acyl CoAchains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH
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EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- In the 1step of the 2-step reaction shown below, which substrate/co-substrate is being oxidized? a. NADH b. B-ketoacyl-CoA c. L-B-hydroxy-acyl-CoA d. NAD+ e. H+arrow_forwardConsider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing arachidic acid residues (20:0). 1. For one mole of the fatty acid residue, determine the following: a. ATP yield obtained from the oxidation of acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle and ETC b. ATP yield obtained from NADH coming from the complete ß-oxidation of the fatty acid residue c. ATP yield obtained from FADH₂ coming from the complete B-oxidation of the fatty acid residue d. net ATP yield of ATP in the complete oxidation of the fatty acid residue 2. What is the net ATP yield for the complete oxidation of all the fatty acid residues of the simple TAG? (Note: glycerol backbone is not included)arrow_forwardFive coenzymes are required by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the citric acid cycle that converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.a. Identify the coenzymes.b. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase A-ketoglutarate succinyl-CoAOO OO O−O O− −O SCoA + CO2arrow_forward
- Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing behenic acid residues (22:0). I. For one mole of the fatty acid residue, determine the following: a. ATP yield obtained from the oxidation of acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle and ETC b. ATP yield obtained from NADH coming from the complete β-oxidation of the fatty acid residue c. ATP yield obtained from FADH2 coming from the complete β-oxidation of the fatty acid residuearrow_forwardAcetly CoA can quickly enter the citric acid cyle by joining with a C4 compound and forming citrate. Meanwhile, GTP (or ATP) is generated using inorganic phosphate while succinyl CoA is converted to succinate. What is the main reason both acetly CoA and succinyl CoA can perform such work? a. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both contain coenzyme A, which is a high-energy compound. b. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both form an unstable thioester bond with coenzyme A. c. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both bind with inorganic phosphate which is used to generate ATP (or GTP). d. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both transiently form a covalent bond with the enzymes that catalyze the next reaction, pyruvate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase, respectively. e. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA use the energy collected from the electron transport chain.arrow_forwardConsider the synthesis of a C15 saturated fatty acid from acetyl-CoAs. Calculate how many NADPH and ATPS are consumed, and mention all the cofactors required for the synthesis. Explain why NADPH is used over NADH in this pathway.arrow_forward
- Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of simple TAG containing behenic acid residues (22:0). 1. For one mole of the fatty acid residue, determine the following: a. ATP yield obtained from the oxidation of acetyl CoA entering the TCA cycle and ETC 144 b. ATP yield obtained from NADH coming from the complete ß-oxidation of the fatty acid residue 33 c. ATP yield obtained from FADH₂ coming from the complete ß-oxidation of the fatty acid residue 22 d. net ATP yield of ATP in the complete oxidation of the fatty acid residue 2. What is the net ATP yield for the complete oxidation of all the fatty acid residues of the simple TAG? (Note: glycerol backbone is not included)arrow_forwardConsider docosanoic acid C12H43CO2H a. Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Show the beta-oxidation in an EXPANDED structure. b. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? d. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. f. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? g. What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid? Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from a to e]arrow_forwardFigure 22.3 6 shows the response of acetyl CoA carboxylase to varying amounts of citrate. Explain this effect in light of the allosteric effects that citrate has on the enzyme. Predict the effects of increasing concentrations of palmitoyl CoA.arrow_forward
- Complete the following paragraph describing the fate of the second 14CO-acetyl-CoA molecule incorporated into the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate produced in the isocitrate reaction combines with a (A.) 2nd molecule of oxoaloacetate, B.) 2nd molecule of succinate, C.)2nd molecule of acetyl coa) in the malate synthase reaction. Malate is (A.Chiral, B.diasteromeoic C.)Achiral) ; therefore, the oxaloacetate produced from glyoxylate will be labeled at (A.Either of carboxylate carbon B. specifically at methylene carbon C. Specifically at carbonyl carbon D. Specifically at carboxylate carbon bonded to methylene).arrow_forwardConsider the complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acyl CoA of capric acid (10:0). Determine the following: rounds of β-oxidation total no. of acetyl CoA produced total no. of NADH produced from all rounds of β-oxidation total no. of FADH2 produced from all rounds of β-oxidation total no. of NADH produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle total no. of FADH2 produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle total ATP yieldarrow_forwardWhat are the direct products of b oxidation of a fully saturated, straight-chain acyl-CoA of 13 carbons? How many ATP molecules can be obtained from complete oxidation of this compound?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning