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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether the compound ketoacyl CoA is associated with (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) both the β-oxidation pathway and ketogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Ketogenesis occurs in the mitochondria of the liver cells. The initial reactants are the molecules of acetyl CoA which are produced by the β-oxidation of fatty acid molecules.
The β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acetyl CoA chains into smaller fatty acetyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acetyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether the compound acetoacetyl CoA is associated with (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) both the β-oxidation pathway and ketogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Ketogenesis occurs in the mitochondria of the liver cells. The initial reactants are the molecules of acetyl CoA which are produced by the β-oxidation of fatty acid molecules. Ketone bodies are generally produced when the amount of acetyl CoA in the body is much larger than the amount of oxaloacetate. This happens due to the carbohydrate-lipid imbalance in the body caused by much smaller intake of food rich in carbohydrates, or inefficient processing of glucose by the body.
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acetyl CoA chains into smaller fatty acetyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acetyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH. These three molecules later enter the Krebs cycle where they are used to produce ATP molecules.
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether the compound acetoacetate is associated with (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) both the β-oxidation pathway and ketogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Ketogenesis occurs in the mitochondria of the liver cells. The initial reactants are the molecules of acetyl CoA which are produced by the β-oxidation of fatty acid molecules. Ketone bodies are generally produced when the amount of acetyl CoA in the body is much larger than the amount of oxaloacetate. This happens due to the carbohydrate-lipid imbalance in the body caused by much smaller intake of food rich in carbohydrates, or inefficient processing of glucose by the body.
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acetyl CoA chains into smaller fatty acetyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acetyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH. These three molecules later enter the Krebs cycle where they are used to produce ATP molecules.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether the compound hydroxyacyl CoA is associated with (1) the β-oxidation pathway, (2) ketogenesis, or (3) both the β-oxidation pathway and ketogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Ketogenesis occurs in the mitochondria of the liver cells. The initial reactants are the molecules of acetyl CoA which are produced by the β-oxidation of fatty acid molecules. Ketone bodies are generally produced when the amount of acetyl CoA in the body is much larger than the amount of oxaloacetate. This happens due to the carbohydrate-lipid imbalance in the body caused by much smaller intake of food rich in carbohydrates, or inefficient processing of glucose by the body.
β-oxidation is a catabolic process occurring in the body through which, fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria of the cells to generate energy. The process involves breaking down long fatty acid chains that have been converted to acyl CoA chains into smaller fatty acyl CoA chains. The fatty acid chain is broken down until the final acyl CoA chain cannot be broken down any further. The end products of this metabolic process are acetyl CoA, FADH2 and NADH. These three molecules later enter the Krebs cycle where they are used to produce ATP molecules.
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Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Indicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway in the given conditions a. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 b. high malonyl CoA to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I C. Epinephrine to the activity og glycogen synthase d. high citrate to the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase e. high acetyl CoA to ketogenesisarrow_forwardA patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor Barrow_forwardPlease explain the role of pantothenic acid-derived CoA as a carrier of acetyl group in carbohydrate metabolism.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 2. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1. Dehydrogenase enzyme vs. dehydratase enzyme(in context of lipid metabolism). 2. Steroid hormones vs. prostaglandins (in terms of their biosynthetic pathways). 3. Fatty acid synthase complex vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.arrow_forwardThe sources of the three (3) carbons in malonyl-Coa is/are: a. 1 C from C02 and 2 C from acetyl-CoA b. 1 C from HCO3- and 2 C from acetyl-CoA c. 1 C from biotin and 2 C from acetyl-CoA d. All three C from acetyl-CoAarrow_forward
- Five coenzymes are required by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the citric acid cycle that converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.a. Identify the coenzymes.b. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase A-ketoglutarate succinyl-CoAOO OO O−O O− −O SCoA + CO2arrow_forwardWhich of the following reactions correspond to the decarboxylation step during ketone body formation? A. 2 acetyl-CoA → acetoacetyl-CoA B. ß-hydroxybutarate → acetoacetate C. Acetoacetate → acetone D. HMG-CoA → mevalonatearrow_forward(8) B-ketothiolase is a multifunctional enzyme in lipid catabolism. Which of the following is NOT one of its functions? (A) It catalyzes the release of (2) acetyl CoA from acetoacetyl CoA during ketolysis. (B) It removes an acetyl CoA from the fatty acyl chain during B-oxidation. (C) It forms acetoacetate by removing acetyl CoA from HMG CoA during ketogenesis. (D) It condenses (2) acetyl CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl CoA during ketogenesis. (9) What is HMG-COA, in the context of fatty acid catabolism? (A) a product of fatty acid oxidation (B) a ketone body made in liver cells (C) a 6-carbon precursor to the acetoacetate ketone body (D) a 4-carbon precursor to the acetoacetate ketone body (E) a product formed when the B-hydroxybutyrate ketone body is oxidized in brain cells (10) Which of the following symptoms might you expect to see in a patient with defective acyl CoA dehydrogenase under fasting conditions? (A) slowed gluconeogenesis in liver (B) hypoglycemia (C) elevated glycogen…arrow_forward
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited by A. biotin B. citrate C. acetyl-CoA D. palmitatearrow_forwardHow many acetyl CoA molecules can be produced during the complete β-oxidation of this fatty acid?arrow_forwardThe diabetic body's reliance on ketogenesis to provide energy due to the unavailability of glucose causes serious health and toxicity concerns in these individuals. 1) Describe the role of ketogenesis in diabetes, why the body elects this metabolic pathway, and its resultant benefits and consequences. 2) Describe the role of ketogenesis in a ketogenic diet, why this can be considered a desired metabolic state for individuals, and the benefits and consequences of ketogenesis in these intentional circumstances. Rationalize the differences between these two ketogenic instances.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning
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