(a)
Interpretation:
The minimum pressure required for the condenser to operate as a partial condenser and as a total condenser is to be calculated. Also, the significance of the two pressures in terms of dew point and bubble point is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Bubble-point pressure is the pressure at which first bubble of vapor appears when a liquid is decompressed at a constant temperature. At this point vaporization starts.
Dew-point pressure is the pressure at which last drop of liquid evaporates when a liquid mixture is decompressed at a constant temperature. At this point vaporization is completed.
For binary mixture in vapor-liquid equilibrium, Raoult’s law states that,
Here,
Antoine equation is used to determine the vapor pressure of any substance at the given temperature by the equation:
Here,
(b)
Interpretation:
The molar flow rates and the composition of the reflux stream as well as of the vapor feed are to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
A flowchart is the complete representation of a process through boxes or other shapes which represents process units and arrows that represents the input and output of the process. The flowchart must be fully labelled to infer important data about the process involved.
In a system, a conserved quantity (total mass, mass of a particular species, energy or momentum) is balanced and can be written as:
Here, ‘ input’ is the stream which enters the system. ‘ generation’ is the term used for the quantity that is produced within the system. ‘ output’ is the stream which leaves the system. ‘ consumption’ is the term used for the quantity that is consumed within the system. ‘ accumulation’ is used for the quantity which is builds up within the system.
All the equations which are formed are then solved simultaneously to calculate the values of the unknown variables.
(c)
Interpretation:
The operating pressure of the partial condenser and the compositions of the reflux and vapor feed streams are to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
A flowchart is the complete representation of a process through boxes or other shapes which represents process units and arrows that represents the input and output of the process. The flowchart must be fully labelled to infer important data about the process involved.
In a system, a conserved quantity (total mass, mass of a particular species, energy or momentum) is balanced and can be written as:
Here, ‘ input’ is the stream which enters the system. ‘ generation’ is the term used for the quantity that is produced within the system. ‘ output’ is the stream which leaves the system. ‘ consumption’ is the term used for the quantity that is consumed within the system. ‘ accumulation’ is used for the quantity which is builds up within the system.
All the equations which are formed are then solved simultaneously to calculate the values of the unknown variables.
For binary mixture in vapor-liquid equilibrium, Raoult’s law states that,
Here,
Antoine equation is used to determine the vapor pressure of any substance at the given temperature by the equation:
Here,
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Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL P
- A 25mL volumetric pipet is used to deliver a sample of the stock solution marked “0.6000M X2SO4” into a 100mL volumetric flask. Distilled water is added to the flask until it is about 3/4thfull, the solution is mixed well, then more water is added to fill it up to the calibration mark, then it is mixed again. Calculate the concentration of X+ion in the dilute solution made above.arrow_forwardIn the experiment of making salted eggs, a cleaned egg is immersed in a solution a lot of Nacl salt. Nacl in solution diffuses into the egg through the eggshelI, then towards the egg whites and yolks. Eggs can be considered perfectly spherical in shape with the radius in R and the thickness of the eggshell is T. The concentration of NaCl in the soaking solution is Caci,o and its value can be considered constant during the immersion process. Before being included in soaking solution, there is no Nacl in egg whites and egg yolks. Diffusion through eggshell can be ignored because it occurs very quickly. If the diffusivity coefficient of Nacl in egg white and egg yolk can be considered equal (DNaci), a. Use the component continuity equation table, so that the equation that is describe the profile of Nacl concentration in eggs (in the form of a differential equation along with the boundary conditions). b. Convert the equation obtained in point a into an equation of the form dimensionless…arrow_forwardvolume reactants gas products Na₂CO3 (s) + 2 HCI (aq) solution mass separate layer gram liquid solid coefficient CO₂ (g) + H₂O (1) + 2 NaCl (aq)|arrow_forward
- A geochemist in the field takes a small sample of the crystals of mineral compound X from a rock pool lined with more crystals of X. He notes the temperature of the pool, 24. C, and caps the sample carefully. Back in the lab, the geochemist dissolves the crystals in 3.00 L of distilled water. He then filters this solution and evaporates all the water under vacuum. Crystals of X are left behind. The researcher washes, dries and weighs the crystals. They weigh 45.0 g. Using only the information above, can you calculate yes the solubility of X in water at 24." C no If you said yes, calculate it. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol and 3 signiicant digits.arrow_forwardIn a fractional distillation of a cyclohexane/toluene mixture the effectiveness of the distillation is described in terms of theoretical plates (N). If the number of theoretical plates in a given distilling column is 350 and the length of the column is 20 inches, what is the height equivalent per theoretical plate (H) in inches/theoretical plate? O 7.0 x 103 inches/theoretical plate 0.057 inches/theoretical plate O None of the choices shown O Insufficient information is given. O 17.5 inches/theoretical platearrow_forwardA mixture combining 60 mL ethanol (C₂H6O) with 75 mL water (H₂O) is prepared at 280 K. The partial molar volumes of ethanol (E) and water (W) when mixed in these proportions (right column below) and in pure form (left column below) are ethanol water pure substance molar volume 58.2 mL/mol 18.00 mL/mol partial molar volume 55.3 mL/mol 17.7 mL/mol Determine the volume of the ethanol-water mixture. [Hint: You will need to determine the moles of each component.]arrow_forward
- A saturated solution of KNO3 was prepared at 25° Cby dissolving 12.050 g KNO3 in water and the total volume of the solution is 10.5 mL. Determine the moles of KNO3 in the solution and enter it below. moles This number should have significant figures. (enter in the number of sig figs in the box). Now determine the concentration of K*and NO3 in the solution. Enter these values below. [K*]= M [NO3 ]= These numbers should have significant figures. (enter in the number of sig figs in the box).arrow_forwardA concentration of toxic metals in plant tissue is often found by combusting the material in a furnace and then dissolving the ash in concentrated acid. A 0.5124-gram sample of leaves was combusted to ash and transferred to a 150-mL beaker. A 25-mL portion of concentrated HCl was added and the mixture was heated on a hot plate. Three 5-mL portions of concentration HCl were added over approximately 10 minutes with continued heating in between additions. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered into a 50-mL volumetric flask, which was brought to volume using distilled water and mixed well. From this stock solution, a 10-mL portion was pipetted into a clean 50-mL volumetric flask, brought to volume with distilled water, and mixed. This final solution was analyzed and found to contain 12.1 ppm lead. What are the mass percent of lead in the original plant tissue?arrow_forwardA mixture of phenol and water, under certain conditions of temperature and composition, forms two separate liquid phases, one rich in phenol and the other rich in water. At 30⁰ the compositions of the upper and lower layers are 70% and 9% by mass phenol, respectively. If 40kg of phenol and 60kg of water are mixed and the layers are allowed to separate at 30⁰C, what will be the weight of the two layers?arrow_forward
- A pipet is used to transfer 6.00 mLmL of a 3.75 MM stock solution in flask “S” to a 25.00-mL volumetric flask “A,” which is then diluted with DI H2OH2O to the calibration mark. The solution is thoroughly mixed. Next, 10.00 mLmL of the solution in volumetric flask “A” is transferred by pipet to a 50.00-mL volumetric flask “B” and then diluted with DI H2OH2O to the calibration mark. Calculate the molarity of the solution in volumetric flask “B.”arrow_forwardYou are required to prepare 5 L of a solution containing 1.000 x 103 mol/L of Cu2"(aq). Which of the following procedures would produce an appropriate solution? O Dissolve 0.0636 g of copper metal in nitric acid, add to a 5.000 Lvolumetric flask, dilute to the mark with deionized water and mix well. O Dissolve 1.248 g of CuSO.5H,0(s) in deionized water, add to a 5.000 L volumetric flask, dilute to the mark with deionized water and mix well. Dissolve 0.250 g of CUSO,.5H,O(s) in deionized water, add to a 5.000 L volumetric flask, dilute to the mark with deionized water and mix well.arrow_forwardTwo process streams are mixed to form a single stream. Only the flow in the mixed stream is known. A soluble salt is added to one of the original streams at a steady rate. Samples taken of this stream show it to be 4.76 % w salt. Samples from the combined stream show 0.62% w salt. What is the ratio of the flows in the two original streams?arrow_forward
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