Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The vapor pressure of chlorobenzene should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
Antoine equation
Antoine equations describe the relationshipbetween vapor pressure and temperature for pure components. This is a semi-empirical relationship.
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
If the vapor pressure is known for a given temperature, then we can use this equation to calculate the vapor pressure at different temperatures.
The
Where, the volume (V) occupied by ‘n’ moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in Kelvin and ‘R’ = Gas constant
(b)
Interpretation:
The percentage chlorobenzene vapor that condenses should be explained.
Concept introduction:
Antoine equation
Antoine equations describe the relationshipbetween vapor pressure and temperature for pure components. This is a semi-empirical relationship.
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
If the vapor pressure is known for a given temperature, then we can use this equation to calculate the vapor pressure at different temperatures.
The Ideal Gas Law is defined as,
Where, the volume (V) occupied by ‘n’ moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in Kelvin and ‘R’ = Gas constant
(c)
Interpretation:
The assumptions made doing the calculation should be explained.
Concept introduction:
Antoine equation
Antoine equations describe the relationshipbetween vapor pressure and temperature for pure components. This is a semi-empirical relationship.
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
If the vapor pressure is known for a given temperature, then we can use this equation to calculate the vapor pressure at different temperatures.
The Ideal Gas Law is defined as,
Where, the volume (V) occupied by ‘n’ moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in Kelvin and ‘R’ = Gas constant
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EBK ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL P
- P1A.6 The molar mass of a newly synthesized fluorocarbon was measured in a gas microbalance. is device consists of a glass bulb forming one end of a beam, the whole surrounded by a closed container. The beam is pivoted, and the balance point is attained by raising the pressure of gas in the container, so increasing the buoyancy of the enclosed bulb. In one experiment, the balance point was reached when the fluorocarbon pressure was 327.10Torr; for the same setting of the pivot, a balance was reached when CHF3 (M = 70.014 g mol−1) was introduced at 423.22 Torr. A repeat of the experiment with a di erent setting of the pivot required a pressure of 293.22 Torr of the uorocarbon and 427.22 Torr of the CHF3. What is the molar mass of the fluorocarbon? Suggest a molecular formula.arrow_forwardCombustible vapor-air mixtures are flammable over a limited range of concentrations. The minimum volume % of vapor that gives a combustible mixture is called the lower flammable limit (LFL). Generally, the LFL is about half the stoichiometric mixture, the concentration required for complete combustion of the vapor in air. (a) If oxygen is 20.9 vol % of air, estimate the LFL for n-hexane, C6H14. (b) What volume (in mL) of n-hexane (d 5 0.660 g/cm3) is required to produce a flammable mixture of hexane in 1.000 m3 of air at STP?arrow_forwardOne type of gas mixture used in anesthesiologyis a 50%/50% mixture (by volume) of nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen(O2), which can be premixed and kept in a cylinder for later use.Because these two gases don’t react chemically at or below 2000 psi, attypical room temperatures they form a homogeneous single gas phase,which can be considered an ideal gas. If the temperature drops below-6C, however, N2O may begin to condense out of the gas phase. Thenany gas removed from the cylinder will initially be nearly pure O2; asthe cylinder empties, the proportion of O2 will decrease until the gascoming from the cylinder is nearly pure N2O. In another test, the valve of a 500 L cylinder full of the gas mixture at 2000 psi (gauge pressure) is opened wide so that the gas rushes out of the cylinder very rapidly. Why might some N2O condense during this process? (a) This is an isochoric process in which the pressure decreases, so the temperature also decreases. (b) Because of the rapid expansion, heat is…arrow_forward
- One type of gas mixture used in anesthesiologyis a 50%/50% mixture (by volume) of nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen(O2), which can be premixed and kept in a cylinder for later use.Because these two gases don’t react chemically at or below 2000 psi, attypical room temperatures they form a homogeneous single gas phase,which can be considered an ideal gas. If the temperature drops below-6C, however, N2O may begin to condense out of the gas phase. Thenany gas removed from the cylinder will initially be nearly pure O2; asthe cylinder empties, the proportion of O2 will decrease until the gascoming from the cylinder is nearly pure N2O. In a hospital, pure oxygen may be delivered at 50 psi (gaugepressure) and then mixed with N2O. What volume of oxygen at 20Cand 50 psi (gauge pressure) should be mixed with 1.7 kg of N2O toget a 50%/50% mixture by volume at 20C? (a) 0.21 m3; (b) 0.27 m3;(c) 1.9 m3; (d) 100 m3arrow_forwardYou add 28 g of ice (H2O) at 0°C to 179 g of H20 (I) at 63°C at a constant pressure of 1.01 kPa. Calculate the final temperature in K. [AfusH°(H20) = 6.01 kJ mol""; Tfus=273.15 K; Cp.m(H20,)=75.3 J mol Kl; m(H20)=18.02 u].arrow_forward1. Calculate the volume occupied by 50 kg of propane at 35 bar and 50°C, usingthe following:(A)The Redlich–Kwong equation of statearrow_forward
- An experiment is conducted in which a quantity of H2(g) is chemically generated in a closed headspace of volume V1 at absolute temperature T1, thereby raising the total pressure from Pa (the initial air pressure) to Pf (the total final pressure of H2(g) + air).Compose an algebraic expression for the volume (V2) that this sample of H2(g) would occupy if it were isolated (pure -- i.e. no air) at absolute temperature T2 and partial pressure P2.Note that your expression may contain no other variables than those given above, namely: V1, T1, T2, Pa, Pf, and P2. V2 = Now, suppose that the above experiment generated n mol of H2(g), that T2 = 0 °C and that P2 = 1 atm. Give the simple algebraic expression, in terms of V2 and n, which equates to the molar volume of H2(g) at STP.VM = 8.829×10-4 mol of B2H6(g) (diborane gas) is generated into a 176.0 mL headspace, at 25.0 °C, thus increasing the pressure by 0.1209 atm. If we assume that the diborane gas obeys Boyle's Law and Charle's Law, what…arrow_forwardAn experiment is conducted in which a quantity of H2(g) is chemically generated in a closed headspace of volume V1 at absolute temperature T1, thereby raising the total pressure from Pa (the initial air pressure) to Pf (the total final pressure of H2(g) + air).Compose an algebraic expression for the volume (V2) that this sample of H2(g) would occupy if it were isolated (pure -- i.e. no air) at absolute temperature T2 and partial pressure P2. V2 = VM =arrow_forwardAn experiment is conducted in which a quantity of H2(g) is chemically generated in a closed headspace of volume V1 at absolute temperature T1, thereby raising the total pressure from Pa (the initial air pressure) to Pf (the total final pressure of H2(g) + air). Compose an algebraic expression for the volume (V2) that this sample of H2(g) would occupy if it were isolated (pure -- i.e. no air) at absolute temperature T2 and partial pressure P2. Note that your expression may contain no other variables than those given above, namely: V1, T1, T2, Pa, Pf, and P2. A) V2 = Now, suppose that the above experiment generated n mol of H2(g), that T2 = 0 °C and that P2 = 1 atm. Give the simple algebraic expression, in terms of V2 and n, which equates to the molar volume of H2(g) at STP. B) VM =arrow_forward
- An experiment is conducted in which a quantity of H2(g) is chemically generated in a closed headspace of volume V1 at absolute temperature T1, thereby raising the total pressure from Pa (the initial air pressure) to Pf (the total final pressure of H2(g) + air).Compose an algebraic expression for the volume (V2) that this sample of H2(g) would occupy if it were isolated (pure -- i.e. no air) at absolute temperature T2 and partial pressure P2.Note that your expression may contain no other variables than those given above, namely: V1, T1, T2, Pa, Pf, and P2.arrow_forwardPressure (A) Explain the term pressure and state its S.I. unit. (B) Explain Henry’s law. (C)A bottle of H2 has just been received by the technicians in DkIT for use in the instrumentation lab. It is a 47 litre cylinder at a pressure of 50 atmospheres. The normal working pressures is 2 bar. (i) To what volume of gas will that equate at the working pressure? (ii) For how many hours will the gas last if it used at the rate of 0.5dm3 per hour? D)You see your best friend at the bar and you walk up behind her. You accidentally startle her and she takes a step backwards. Unfortunately, she is wearing high heels and her heels come down on your foot. She weighs only 55kg but the size of her heel is 6mm by 6mm.Determine the pressure that she applies on your foot. (E) If a diver dives to a depth of 35 m what will be: (i) the pressure in Pascals due the water column? (3 marks) (ii) the pressure of the air in…arrow_forward(a) Use the following data for NH3 (g) at T = 273 K to evaluate B2P (T). (Here Z is the compressibility factor, PV/RT). P (bar) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 Note: You will need to fit this data to a least-squares line. (b) At standard temperature (273.15 K), the density of O₂ varies with pressure as indicated in the table below: P (bar) 0.25331 0.50663 0.75994 1.01325 Z-1 1.519 x 10-4 3.038 x 10-4 4.557x 10-4 6.071 x 10-4 7.583 x 10-4 9.002 x 10-4 1.0551 x 10-3 2 p(g/L) 0.356985 0.714154 1.071485 1.428962 Use this data to find the second virial coefficient, B2v, of oxygen. Note that mo2 = 31.9988 Daltons. (Hint: It will be useful to determine the molar volume from each value of p.)arrow_forward
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