Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms and the last drop of liquid evaporate, and the liquid and vapor compositions should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
According to Henry’s law, the amount of gas dissolved is proportional to its partial pressure. The proportionally constant is known as Henry’s law constant
Antoine equation
The Antoine equations are classified as a set of semi-empirical correlations which explains the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure components.
(b)
Interpretation:
The temperatures at which the first drop of liquid forms and at which the last bubble of vapor condenses and the liquid and vapor compositions at those conditions should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
According to Henry’s law, the amount of gas dissolved is proportional to its partial pressure. The proportionally constant is known as Henry’s law constant
Antoine equation
The Antoine equations are classified as a set of semi-empirical correlations which explains the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure components.
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Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL P
- 2) Draw the isobaric phase diagram at 1 atm of the following two-component liquid system: water (Boiling point = 100°C) and nitric acid (Boiling point = 86°C), with the mass percentage of nitric acid on the x-axis. When the liquid mixture contains 68 % nitric acid, an azeotrope with a boiling point of 120.5°C, is formed. Use the sketch to describe under which conditions pure nitric acid can be obtained by means of isobaric distillation.arrow_forward12.35. Consider a binary mixture for which the excess Gibbs energy is given by GE/RT = 2.6x1x2. For each of the following overall compositions, determine whether one or two liquid phases will be present. If two liquid phases will be present, find their composi- tions and the amount of each phase present (phase fractions). (a) z1 = 0.2 (b) z1 = 0.3 (c) z1 = 0.5 (d) z1 = 0.7 (e) z1 = 0.8arrow_forwardRefer to Fig. 5.8 and identify the number of phases present for mixtures of compositions (i) (0.4, 0.1, 0.5), (ii) (0.8, 0.1, 0.1), (iii) (0, 0.3,0.7), (iv) (0.33, 0.33, 0.34). The numbers are mole fractions of the three components in the order (NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, H2O).arrow_forward
- Given the following vapor composition plot for a mixture of cyclohexane and toluene, determine (a) the boiling temperature of a 0.60 mole fraction toluene liquid mixture and (b) the composition of the vapor.arrow_forwardConsider a liquid mixture of CHCl3 (component A) and CH₂Cl₂ (component B) with XB = 0.750. For each of the pure substances, one can find expressions relating their vapor pressure to temperature in the NIST Webbook: 2839.38 (T - 40.953) 3055.57 (T - 20.474) (a) Assuming that the solution is ideal, determine its total vapor pressure (in bars) at 300 K and the mole fractions of the two components in the vapor phase. Assume that the vapor behaves as an ideal gas. In In PA 1 bar PB 1 bar = 9.6886 - = 10.4466- (b) The actual total vapor pressure of the solution is observed to be 0.492 bar, and the mole fraction of component B in the vapor phase is yB = 0.900. Use this information, along with the results of part (a), to calculate the activity and the activity coefficient (based on a Raoult's Law standard state) of component A (chloroform) for this mixture.arrow_forwardThe binary water-phenol diagram is given below, in molar fraction, under the total pressure Pt = 1 atm. 1) How many phases are there in the domain marked "I"? 2) From which temperature the mixture become miscible in all proportions? How do you call that temperature? 3) At a temperature T = 50 °C, in a controlled temperature container containing water. Phenol is then poured at the same temperature until the molar fraction of phenol in the mixture XC2H50H is equal to 0.05. Then, we continue to add the phenol gradually, at a constant temperature, to XC2H5OH of phenol in the mixture is XC2H5OH = 0.8. = 0.4. Then finally we stop adding phenol when the molar fraction a. How many phases are present at each one of the three mixture compositions in the container during the addition of the phenol? b. What is the composition of the phases when the fraction of phenol is XC2H5OH = 0.4? c. What is the proportions of the phases with respect to each other when XC2H5OH = 0.4? (Show your calculations)…arrow_forward
- kPa is the dissociation vapor 608 pressure of AB salt at 427°C and at 459°C it has increased to 1115 kPa. Find (a) Kp, (b) AG° at the two temperatures as well as AHO. Assume the ideal behaves of gases and the AH is independent on above temperature, also every latm. = 101.323 kPa. AB(s) == A(g) + B(g) a) Kp =9.00 , 30.27 , AG° = -12.97 KJ/mol, -20.75 KJ/mol, AH° = + %3D 50.44 KJ/mol b) Kp =50.00 , 30.27 , AG° = -22.97 %3D KJ/mol, -20.75 KJ/mol, AH° = + %3Darrow_forwardA mix gas contain (molar fraction) 6% SO2, 12% O2 and other inert gas at 100 kPa. Calculate K, at 298 K of the reaction SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g). P SO3 SO2 O2 4,Hmª(B)/(k] •mol-1) -395.76 -296.90 Sm°(B)/(J · mol-1. K-1) 256.6 248.11 205.04arrow_forward(A) It is required to separate 1 mole of ethanol from ethanol-water mixture by using distillation Column at standard conditions. After 1 hour, it is found that the volume was double and the pressure increased to 152 kpa. Find the Temperature after 1 hour by using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT Given : R = 0.082 L.atm/mole.K (B) Calculate the capacity of a Base added to a solution contains 10 mole of ammonia (k, = 1.8x105) and 6 mole of ammonium chloride in 120 ml? Note: Atomic weight: H = 1, 0 = 16, C = 12, Ba = 137, Cl= 35 , N=14arrow_forward
- For an ethanol-chloroform mixture at 545 mmHg, determine: a) The Liquid - Vapor equilibrium diagram (1pt) b) Boiling temperature with 20% mass of ethanol (1pt) c) The composition of a mixture that has gone through two distillation stages (1pt)arrow_forwardThe table below shows temperature/composition data collected for a mixture of methylbenzene (M) and octane (O) at 1 atm. Recall that x stands for the mole fraction in the liquid and y stands for the mole fraction in the vapor in equilibrium. The boiling points for methylbenzene (M) and octane (O) are 110.60C and 125.60C, respectively. Construct the phase diagram with Temperature vs. xM. What is the composition of the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid of composition (a) xM = 0.250 and (b) xO = 0.250. T (0C) 110.9 112.0 114.0 115.8 117.3 119.0 121.1 123.0 xM 0.908 0.795 0.615 0.527 0.408 0.300 0.203 0.097 yM 0.923 0.836 0.698 0.624 0.527 0.410 0.297 0.164arrow_forwardCO₂ has a positive slope on the melting (fusion) curve. Using the questions below as a guide, show that CO₂ expands upon melting, without employing the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. (i) (ii) (iii) Sketch the specific Gibbs free energies of both phases as a function of pressure using the p - T phase diagram. Use derivatives of the specific Gibbs free energies to obtain the sketch. Sketch the specific volumes of both phases as a function of pressure. Explain how you obtained the sketch of the specific volumes, hence show that CO₂ expands upon melting.arrow_forward
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