Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The flow-chart for the given process is to be drawn and labelled. Also, the degree of freedom analysis is to be done on the given system.
Concept introduction:
A flowchart is the complete representation of a process through boxes or other shapes which represents process units and arrows that represents the input and output of the process. The flowchart must be fully labelled to infer important data about the process involved.
Degree of freedom analysis is the procedure to analyze any missing information needed for material balance calculations. The procedure involves complete labelling of the flowchart representing the process and then determining number of unknown variables
Mathematically, degree of freedom
A fuel-air mixture cannot be ignited if the fuel percent is below a certain value called the Lower flammability limit (LFL), also known as Lower explosion limit (LEL). Also, there is an Upper flammability limit (UFL) which is known as Upper explosion limit (UEL).
Between these limits, a fuel-air mixture can ignite when exposed to any spark or flame.
For propane in air mixture, LFL is
(b)
Interpretation:
The minimum the molar flowrate of dilution air is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
In a system, a conserved quantity (total mass, mass of a particular species, energy or momentum) is balanced and can be written as:
Here, ‘ input’ is the stream which enters the system. ‘ generation’ is the term used for the quantity that is produced within the system. ‘ output’ is the stream which leaves the system. ‘ consumption’ is the term used for the quantity that is consumed within the system. ‘ accumulation’ is used for the quantity which is builds up within the system.
All the equations which are formed are then solved simultaneously to calculate the values of the unknown variables.
Molar flowrate of a component
Here,
A fuel-air mixture cannot be ignited if the fuel percent is below a certain value called the Lower flammability limit (LFL), also known as Lower explosion limit (LEL). Also, there is an Upper flammability limit (UFL) which is known as Upper explosion limit (UEL).
Between these limits, a fuel-air mixture can ignite when exposed to any spark or flame.
For propane in air mixture, LFL is
(c)
Interpretation:
The actual flowrate of dilution air and the value calculated in part (b) is to be compared and explained.
Concept introduction:
A fuel-air mixture cannot be ignited if the fuel percent is below a certain value called the Lower flammability limit (LFL), also known as Lower explosion limit (LEL). Also, there is an Upper flammability limit (UFL) which is known as Upper explosion limit (UEL).
Between these limits, a fuel-air mixture can ignite when exposed to any spark or flame.
For propane in air mixture, LFL is
The process in which a low concentration mixture is made from a high concentration mixture is called dilution.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
EBK ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL P
- Although we tend to make less use of mercury these days because of the environmental problems created by its improper disposal, mercury is still an important metal because of its unusual property of existing as a liquid at room temperature. One process by which mercury is produced industrially is through the heating of its common ore cinnabar (mercuric sulfide, HgS) with lime (calcium oxide, CaO). 4 HgS(s) + 4 CaO(s) → 4 Hg(l) + 3 CaS(s) + CaSO4(s) What mass of mercury would be produced by complete reaction of 10.7 kg of HgS? kgarrow_forwardComplete combustion of 5.50 g of a hydrocarbon produced 17.7 g of CO, and 6.03 g of H, O. What is the empirical formula for the hydrocarbon? Insert subscripts as necessary. empirical formula: CH SPECIAL ΔΣΩ λμπ (s) (1) (aq) -> (g) () [ ] -> 1. CLR 3,438 19 SA stv W MacBook Airarrow_forwardWhich of the following would be classified as a combustion? A CH4(g) + 2 02(g) --> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) B CusO4s) --> CuO (s) + SO3 (g) © 2Sn(s) + ZnCl2 (aq) --> SnCl2 (aq) + 2Zn(s) 2H202(aq) --> 2H20 (I) + O2(g)arrow_forward
- What is the mole ratio for O2 gas to water for the balanced equation for the complete combustion of butane. 2C4H10(g)+ 13O2(g)-> 10H2O(g) + 8CO2(g)arrow_forwardUse only 1 decimal point for atomic masses. Determine the yield (amount of product) of CO2 if 12.1 g of methane, CH4(g) is burned in excess air by the following reaction: CH4(g)+2O2(g)-->CO2(g)+2H2O(g)arrow_forwardPage < 2 of 2 ZOOM + 7. Write balanced chemical eqess | esc | to exitTO Screen ctions. a. production of ammonia, NH3(g), by combining N2(g) and H2(g) b. production of methanol, CH3OH(1), by combining H2(g) and CO(g) c. production of sulfuric acid by combining sulfur, oxygen, and water 8. Diborane and related compounds were proposed as rocket fuels in the 1950s. A representative reaction for this class of molecules is that of B2H6 and O2 to form B2O3 and H2O. Write the balanced chemical equation for this process. 9. Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is used as a reinforcing fiber in construction materials. It can be synthesized from silicon tetrachloride and ammonia. The other product is ammonium chloride. Write the balanced chemical reaction for this process. 10. Classify the following compounds as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes: a. potassium chloride, KCl b. hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 c. methane, CH4 d. barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2arrow_forward
- Based on the reactions: 2NO2 (g) + 2N0 (g) + O2 (g) – – > 2N½O4 (g) ; AH = -228.54 kJ 4NO (g) +2N2O (g) + 50, (5) – – > 4N,O4 (g) ; AH,=-488.46 kJ 2NO (g) + O2 (g) – - > N,O4 (g) ; AH3 = –171.34 kJ- Use Hess's Law to calculate AH for: 4N204 (g) - - > 2N½O (g) + 302 (9) + 4NO2 (g)arrow_forwardPhotosynthesis in plants converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C6H1206) and oxygen according to the equation below. 6CO2 (g) + 6H20a → C6H1206 (s) + 602 (g) Substance СО2 (8) H20M C6H1206 (s) 02 (g) kJ AH°; (mol -393.5 -285.8 -1273.3 J H° mol. k 213.6 69.9 209.2 205.0 Calculate the AHº, ASº, and AGº. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?arrow_forwardThe human body burns glucose (C6H12O6) for energy according to this chemical reaction: C6H12O6+6O2→ 6CO2+6H2O The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O Interestingly, all of the carbon dioxide and much of the water exits the body through the lungs: on every breath, the average person exhales 500.mL of air, which is typically enriched to 4% CO2 and 5% water vapor by volume. In short, when a person loses weight by dieting, the weight that is lost actually departs his body as a gas, every time he exhales. Each kilogram of body fat lost requires exhaling about 2.9kg of carbon dioxide. Calculate how many breaths it takes an average person to "exhale" 0.50kg of fat. Round your answer to the nearest thousand. You'll need to know that the density of CO2 is 2.0 kg/m^3 .arrow_forward
- The human body burns glucose C6H12O6 for energy according to this chemical reaction:→+C6H12O66O2+6CO26H2O. The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. Interestingly, all of the carbon dioxide and much of the water exits the body through the lungs: on every breath, the average person exhales 500.mLof air, which is typically enriched to 4% CO2 and 5% water vapor by volume. In short, when a person loses weight by dieting, the weight that is lost actually departs his body as a gas, every time he exhales. Each kilogram of body fat lost requires exhaling about 3.0kg of carbon dioxide. Calculate how many breaths it takes an average person to "exhale" 2.00kg of fat. Round your answer to the nearest thousand. You'll need to know that the density of CO2 is 2.0/kgm3arrow_forwardused in the manufacture of cement: ate rock (limestone) is heated to produce the quicklime, i.e., calcium oxide, Carbon dioxide is also released into the atmosphere when calcium carbon- PROBLEM 44 CACO3(s) CaO(s) + CO;(g) Calculate the mass, in metric tons, of CO2 released per metric ton of lime- une used in this process. What is the mass of carbon that the air gains for each of carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere? Note that at least gram os much carbon dioxide is released from combustion of the fossil fuel needed to heat the limestone as is released from the limestone itself.arrow_forwardCalculate the grams of CO2 produced in the complete combustion of a 406-g bottled gas that consists of 72.7 wt% propane (C3H8) and 27.3 wt% butane (C4H10). Use C = 12.01 g/mol; H = 1.01 g/mol; O = 16.00 g/mol.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningWorld of ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780618562763Author:Steven S. ZumdahlPublisher:Houghton Mifflin College Div
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