The hormone estrogen is produced in the ovaries of females and elsewhere in the body in men and postmenopausal women, and it is also administered in estrogen replacement therapy, a common treatment for w omen who have undergone a hysterectomy. Unfortunately, it also binds to estrogen receptors in breast tissue and can activate cells to become cancerous. Tamoxifen is a drug that also binds to estrogen receptors but does not activate cells, in effect blocking the receptors from access to estrogen and inhibiting the growth of breast-cancer cells.
Tamoxifen is administered in tablet form. In the manufacturing process, a finely ground powder contains tamoxifen (tam) and two inactive fillers—lactose monohydrate (lac) and com starch (cs). The powder is mixed w ith a second stream containing w ater and suspended solid particles of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) binder, w hich keeps the tablets from easily crumbling. The slurry leaving the mixer goes to a dryer, in w hich 94.2% of the water fed to the process is vaporized. The w et pow der leasing the dryer contains 8.80 wt% tam. 66.8% lac. 21.4% cs, 2.00% pvp. and 1.00% water. After some additional processing, the pow der is molded into tablets. To produce a hundred thousand tablets, 17.13 kg of w et pow der is required.
- Taking a basis of 100,000 tablets produced, draw and label a process flowchart, labeling masses of individual components rather than total masses and component mass fractions. It is unnecessary to label the stream between the mixer and the dryer. Cany out a degree-of-freedom analysis of the overall two-unit process.
- Calculate the masses and compositions of the streams that must enter the mixer to make 100,(MX) tablets.
the balance equations are satisfied. There must have been a mistake in the degree-of-freedom calculation. What was it?
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