Chlorobenzene (C^HsCl), an important solvent and intermediate in the production of many other chemicals, is produced by bubbling chlorine gas through liquid benzene in the presence of ferric chloride catalyst. In an undesired side reaction, the product is further chlorinated to dichlorobenzene, and in a third reaction the dichlorobenzene is chlorinated to trichlorobenzene.
The feed to a chlorination reactor consists of essentially pure benzene and a technical grade of chlorine gas (98 wt% Cl2, the balance gaseous impurities with an average molecular weight of 25.0). The liquid output from the reactor contains 65.0 wt% C6H6, 32.05? C6H5C1, 2.5% C6H4C12. and 0.5% C6H3CI3. The gaseous output contains only HC1 and the impurities that entered w ith the chlorine.
- You wish to determine (i) the percentage by which benzene is fed in excess, (ii) the fractional conversion of benzene, (iii) the fractional yield of monochlorobenzene, and (iv) the mass ratio of the gas feed to the liquid feed. Without doing any calculations, prove that you have enough information about the process to determine these quantities.
- Perform the calculations.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Learn your wayIncludes step-by-step video
Chapter 4 Solutions
EBK ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL P
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (5th Edition) (Prentice Hall International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences)
Process Dynamics and Control, 4e
Software Engineering (10th Edition)
C++ How to Program (10th Edition)
Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics (7th Edition)
Digital Fundamentals (11th Edition)
- Tetracycline produced in Streptomyces aureus fermentations is purified by crystallisation. One hundred kg of a supersaturated solution containing 7.7 wt% tetracycline is cooled in a batch fluidised-bed crystalliser. Seed crystals of tetracycline are added at a concentration of 40 ppm to promote crystal growth. At the end of the crystallisation process, the remaining solution contains 2.8% tetracycline. (a) What is the mass of the residual tetracycline solution? (b) What mass of tetracycline crystals is produced?arrow_forward100kg of a solution of acetic acid and H₂O containing 30% acetic acid by weight is to be extracted three times with isopropyl ether using 40kg of isopropyl ether in each stage. Determine the weight of acetic acid extracted and the percentage recovery of acetic acid. The following data are available. Concentrations of acetic acid in the leaving streams are Isopropyl ether rich phase 11.7% Ist Stage IInd Stage IIIrd Stage 9.5% 7.8% [BALU, K.; RAMALINGAM, S.; DEEBIKA, B. AND SATHYAMOORTHI, K. (2014)] H₂O rich phase 25.8% 22.7% 20%arrow_forwardb) A plot of land was explored and found to contain 1,000,000 grams of gold. The average goldconcentration was found to be 0.8 grams per ton. A mine was set up on it and sluice boxes were used as the main gold recovery units and recovered200,000 g of gold from 80% of the ore. The concentration ratio of the sluice boxes was 10,000.The field was mined again. On this occasion bowl concentrators were used. The feed used wasestimated to be 800,000 tons and the concentration ratio of this unit was 20,000. 750,000 grams ofgold was recovered. Calculate the following: i) the Quantity and grade concentrate from the sluice boxes .................. ..................... ii) the quantity and grade of the concentrate from the bowl concentrator plant. .............. iii) the quantity and grade of the material remaining at this location...................................arrow_forward
- Suppose you have a soil that is made up of 10% organic matter with CEC = 200 cmol/kg, 40% kaolinitewith CEC = 10 cmol/kg, and 50% vermiculite with CEC = 100 cmol/kg.1- Calculate the overall CEC of the soil by taking a weighted average of the three soil components.2- What percentage of the overall CEC is contributed by the organic matter? How does that numbercompare to the 10% of the soil itself that is organic?arrow_forwardWhat would be the percent yield? The procedure specified 5.1 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3.7 ml of 1-pentanol. The person obtained 3.3g of the product ester.arrow_forwardThe researcher extracts a sample of well water and prepares it for TXRF analysis with a 10.00 mg/L V internal standard, like the calibration standards. The result produces SCa = 69297.81 and SV = 13481.2.Determine the concentration of Ca.arrow_forward
- 2. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) must be removed from a steel plant wastewater to meet a pretreatment standard of 106 M. The proposed treatment scheme involves oxidizing the ferrous iron to ferric iron (Fe³+) in a CMFR. The ferric hydroxide precipitate (Fe(OH)3(s)) will be continuously removed from the bottom of the reactor to maintain steady state conditions. Dissolved oxygen will be added to the reactor by bubbling air through the solution. The pH in the reactor will be kept constant by the addition of a well-buffered caustic waste stream from another part of the plant. You are given the following information: Temperature=20 °C Waste stream flow rate Caustic stream flow rate = 1000 L/min = 100 L/min Concentration of Fe²+ in the waste stream=5x10-3 M Volume of reactor-72,500 L Saturation concentration of oxygen at 20 °C = 9.08 mg/L = 2.84x104 M Constant pH in the reactor = 9 Assume that there is no dissolved oxygen in either the waste stream or the caustic stream. The reaction occurs in two…arrow_forwardComplete the stoichiometry table using the starting values provided. density (g/mL) molecular vol. reagent mass (g) mmoles equivalents (mL) weight 3-nitrophthalic acid 0.562 1 211 1.00 1.380 hydrazine (8% aq. wt./vol) 32 sodium dithionite 174 4.260 theoretical product luminol 177 Select the name of the catalyst used for this reaction, if there was no catalyst used, select none: nonearrow_forwardOil seeds containing 49% oil, 40% pulp, 3% mineral salts and the rest moisture are leached with hexane as the solvent. The underflow from the leaching operation contains 25% hexane, 2.5% salts, 15% oil and 7.5% moisture. The extract contains 25% oil. The extract is distilled to recover the entire hexane in pure form leaving behind the oil, water and salt. The underflow is subjected to steam distillation which recovers 95% hexane. Basis100kg seeds Make a detailed flowchart with uknowns and degree of freedomarrow_forward
- The aqueous solution of acetic with a flow rate of 1000 kg/hr contains 30% acetic acid by mass and will be extracted in a countercurrent multistage process with pure isopropyl ether (IPE) to reduce the acetic acid concentration in the final raffinate phase (LN) to 2% by mass. a) Calculate the minimum solvent flow. b) Determine the theoretical number of steps required when using a solvent of 1.5 minimum solvent flow rate. c) Determine the number of theoretical steps using the McCabe-Thiele method. Chart. Acetic acid (A)-Water (B)-isopropyl ether (IPE) (C) LIQUID-Liquid Balances at 1 atm pressure and 293 K Water layer (%) Water (B) Isopropyl ether layer (%) Water (B) 0.6 Acetic acid (A) IPE (C) Acetic acid (A) IPE (C) 98.8 1.2 99.4 99.3 98.9 0.69 98.1 1.2 0.18 0.5 1.41 97.1 1.5 0.37 0.7 2.89 95.5 1.6 0.79 98.4 91.7 1.9 1.0 97.1 6.42 13.30 25.50 36.70 1.9 93.3 4.82 11.40 2.3 84.4 71.1 3.4 3.9 84.7 71.5 21.60 31.10 58.9 4.4 6.9 58.1 48.7 10.6 10.8 45.1 37.1 44.30 46.40 16.5 36.20 15.1…arrow_forwardIt is intended to produce Propylene Glycol, PG (CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH3) by the hydrolysis of Propylene Oxide, PO (CH20CHCH3) in CSTR. The acid-catalyzed liquid-phase exothermic reaction is shown below: CH20CHCH, + H20 - CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH, The feed, containing 3 mol/L of Propylene Oxide and 30 mol/L of water, enters the well-mixed adiabatic reactor at 303 K at a total volumetric flowrate of 10 L/min. Propylene Oxide is a volatile substance, and you cannot exceed an operating temperature of 80°C. Assume that you operate the system at this maximum temperature. Additional Information: AHxn(298K) = -18,000 cal/mol k at 298 K = 2.77x10-4 min- Gas law constant = 1.987 cal/K.mol. E = 15,000 cal/mol Cp (PO) = 35 cal/molK Cp (H20) = 18 cal/mol K Cp (PG) = 46 cal/mol K %3D The reaction is dependent in Propylene Oxide concentration and independent of water concentration. It can be treated as a first order and also second order reaction. Analyse and justify the effect of reaction order on the conversion of…arrow_forwardA feed mixture containing 50 wt% n-heptane and 50 wt% methyl cyclohexane (MCH) is to be separated by liquid-liquid extraction into one product containing 92.5 wt% methylcyclohexane and another containing 7.5 wt% methylcyclo- hexane. Aniline will be used as the solvent. (a) What is the minimum number of theoretical stages necessary to effect this separation? (b) What is the minimum extract reflux ratio? (c) If the reflux ratio is 7.0, how many theoretical contacts will be required? Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system n-heptane-methyl cyclohexane-aniline at 25°C and at 1 atm (101 kPa) Hydrocarbon Layer Solvent Layer Weight percent MCH, solvent- free basis Pounds aniline/ pound solvent- free mixture Pounds aniline/ Weight percent MCH, solvent- free basis pound solvent- free mixture 0.0 0.0799 0.0 9.9 20.2 23.9 0.0836 0.087 0.0894 15.12 13.72 11.5 11.8 33.8 37.0 50.6 60.0 11.34 36.9 0.094 9.98 9.0 8.09 44.5 0.0952 0.0989 0.1062 50.5 67.3 66.0 76.7 84.3 88.8 6.83 74.6 79.7 82.1…arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY