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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To identify the step in which the
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the
(b)
Interpretation: To identify the step in which the phosphoenolpyruvate molecule is encountered as a reactant.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
(c)
Interpretation: To identify the step in which the
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
(d)
Interpretation: To identify the step in which the dihydroxyacetone phosphate molecule is encountered as a reactant.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- ..a) Draw all of the reactions that occur in the aerobic metabolism of glucose that hydrolyze a thiolester bond. In your answer, include complete structural formulae as well as the names of any cofactors, enzymes, reactants and products. b) Explain why the free energy changes that characterize these reactions are so exergonic. Include a figure in your answer. ( c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would the ATP yield be as a result of the reactions that you've drawn above?arrow_forwardWhy is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) an important step in glycolysis? How is the isomerization of F6P back into G6P prevented?arrow_forwardThe standard state free energy change for Step 4 of glycolysis (where an aldolase enzyme splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into GAP and DHAP) is +23.8 kJ/mol. Yet, glycolysis still proceeds spontaneously in the vast majority of cells. Why does this step in particular proceed spontaneously under typical cellular conditions?arrow_forward
- Draw OUT THE arrow pushing reaction mechanism for the following steps of glycolysis: SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 2 steps. CH,OPO CH,OH hexokinase 2+ H H H H H H ОН + ATP OH H ADP + H+ H ОН + НО HO OH H ОН H ОН Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Glucosearrow_forwarda) What happens during the two phases of glycolysis? Write the reaction steps of glycolysis showing their the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. (Draw only the structure of the first and last product) b) How many net moles of ATP can be synthesized from each mol of glucose? c) The overall equation for glycolysis?arrow_forwardThe overall reactions for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are given below. What is the energy cost (in ATP equivalents) of transforming one molecule of glucose to pyruvate (via glycolysis) and back to glucose (via gluconeogenesis)? Gluconeogenesis: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2NADH + 4H₂O Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ADP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ - 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H₂000 Select one: O a. 2 ATP O b. 4 ATP O c. 6 ATP O d. 8 ATP Prev Page glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ + 2H+ MI 21 22 00:508D DAD 1=1 SE 30: DONDOK 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Report question issue B Next Page Garrow_forward
- Consider the following list of phosphorylated compounds with their free energy changes of phosphate hydrolysis: Glucose-1-phosphate (-5.0 kcal/mol), PEP (-14.8 kcal/mole), 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (-11.8 kcal/mole) and Glucose-6-Phosphate (-3.3 kcal/mol). Given that the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis is -7.3 kcal/mole, which of these molecules be directly synthesized by the transfer of a phospho- group from ATP? 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Glucose-6-phosphate All of those phosphorylated compounds. PEP Glucose-1-phosphatearrow_forwardglycerol 3-phosphate forms the backbone of glycerosphospholipids. what 3-carbon intermediate in the glycolysis pathway is the immediate precursor of glycerol 3-phosphate?arrow_forwardWhat is the standard free-energy change, ∆G°, under physiological conditions(E. coli grows in the human gut, at 37 °C) for the following reaction?Glucose + ATP → glucose 6-phosphate + ADParrow_forward
- Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as wellarrow_forwardIn metabolism, glucose-6- phosphate (G6P) can be used for glycogen synthesis or for glycolysis, among other fates. What does it cost, in terms of ATP equivalents, to store G6P as glycogen, rather than to use it for energy in glycolysis? Hint: The branched structure of glycogen leads to 90% of glucose residues being released as glucose1-phosphate and 10% as glucose.arrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…arrow_forward
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