Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the statement “pyruvate is the initial reactant for glycolysis” concerning glucose
Concept introduction: Pyruvate
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the
(b)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the statement “lactate is the initial reactant for gluconeogenesis” concerning glucose metabolic pathways is true or false.
Concept introduction: Lactate is the conjugate base of lactic acid. The structure of lactate is as follows:
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances.
(c)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the statement “glycogen is the initial reactant for glycogenolysis” concerning glucose metabolic pathways is true or false.
Concept introduction: Glucose is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
(d)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the statement “
Concept introduction: Glucose is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula
A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.
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EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Define the following terms:a. glycolysisb. pentose phosphate pathwayc. gluconeogenesisd. glycogenolysise. glycogenesisarrow_forwardDuring strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is: a. dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glycerol 3-phosphate b. glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phosphate c. isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate d. oxaloacetate → malate e. pyruvate → lactatearrow_forwardGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase is used to do which of the following steps of glycolysis Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate b. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate c. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate d. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate e. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate f. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate h. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate i. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate j. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvatearrow_forward
- The rate limiting and committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase B. Hexokinase C. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase D. Transketolasearrow_forwardOne of the earliest responses to cellular injury is a rapid increase in the levels of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. About ten days after an injury, levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in heart tissue are 20 to 30 times higher than normal. However the levels of glycolytic enzymes are only 10% to 20% of normal. Explain this phenomenon.arrow_forwardPhosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements correctly describes phosphofructokinase activity? a. It is inhibited by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. b. It catalyzes a reaction which increases the rate of the overall pathway. c. It catalyzes an early step of glycolysis which has the lowest level of activation energy among the overall pathway. d. It is activated by ATP. e. It is inhibited by AMP.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is the third step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate c. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate e. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate f. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate h. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate i. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate j. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatearrow_forwardDetermine the number of carbon atoms present and the the total number of phosphate groups present in each of these following intermediates of glycolysis: a. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate b. 3-Phosphoglyceratearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are True as to the location in pyruvate of labeled carbons if glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments) with 14C (radioactive carbon) at each position of the carbon skeleton proceed through the Glycolytic pathway. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a The carboxyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 3 of glucose. b The keto carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 2 of glucose. c The methyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 1 of glucose. d The carboxyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 4 of glucose. e The keto carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 5 of glucose. f The methyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 6 of glucose. g The carboxyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 2 of glucose. h The keto carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 3 of glucose. i The methyl carbon of pyruvate derives from carbon 4 of glucose.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is the ninth step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate b. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate c. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate d. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate f. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate h. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate i. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate j. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphatearrow_forwardStatements:(1) Glucose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.(2) Conversion of ATP to ADP occurs in both steps one and three of glycolysis.(3) In the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway, a hexose phosphate is converted to a pentose phosphate and carbon dioxide. Group of answer choices All three statements are true. Two of the three statements are true. Only one of the statements is true. None of the statements are true.arrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following substances is involved in (1) glycogenesis but not glycogenolysis, (2) glycogenolysis but not glycogenesis, (3) both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, or (4) neither glycogenesis nor glycogenolysis. a. Glucose 6-phosphate b. UDP c. Glycogen d. Piarrow_forward
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