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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To determine the number of steps of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis that produce triphosphate nucleotides.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. The net overall equation for gluconeogenesis is as follows:
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
(b)
Interpretation: To determine the number of steps of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis that consume triphosphate nucleotides.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis metabolic pathway is a ten-step enzyme catalyzed pathway in which a glucose molecule is converted to two pyruvate molecules. ATP and NADH-reduced coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate. The net overall equation for glycolysis is as follows:
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. The net overall equation for gluconeogenesis is as follows:
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- For each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________arrow_forwardc) Cooperation between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is important to ensure the glucose-subjected energy demands of specific cells are met. Explain this statement.arrow_forwardDetermine the number of carbon atoms present and the the total number of phosphate groups present in each of these following intermediates of glycolysis: a. Glucose 6-phosphate b. Fructose 1,6-phosphatearrow_forward
- Explain what is the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?arrow_forwardGlucagon is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. It regulates the opposing pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by altering levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. If glucagon causes a decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, how does this increase blood glucose levels? Explain..arrow_forwardWhat should be the net yield of ATP in glycolysis when endogenous glycogen is used? Give answer as a numeric value.arrow_forward
- In simple terms explain why gluconeogenesis is important?arrow_forwardExplain, the roles of Insulin and glucagon hormones in maintaining blood glucose level. Glycolysis is a pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds. However, Gluconeogenesis is defined as the de novo synthesis of glucose. Can it be said that these two pathways include same reactions but only having inverse direction? Explain by the reasons.arrow_forwarda. Why is the energy investment stage of glycolysis called as such? b. Why is the energy harvest stage of glycolysis named as such?arrow_forward
- Determine the number of carbon atoms present and the the total number of phosphate groups present in each of these following intermediates of glycolysis: a. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate b. 3-Phosphoglyceratearrow_forwardCompare and contrast regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis rates. Part I. Complete the table by replacing question mark (?) with "high" or "low" as required. [lactate] (high/low) high high high high low low (glucose) (highlow) high | high ATPMAMP] (high/low) | high low high low high low high low Rate glycolysis (highſow) Rate GNG (high/low) ? low low high | high low low low low Part II. (Each row in the table is a separate condition. Interpret each condition independently) Annotation: Prepare to explain the rates. Extra Credit. Blood glucose ranges 5.5 mM and 7.1 mM. The Km for hexokinase is 10 mM in liver and 0.1 mM in muscle. Explain how each condition may or may not arise in muscle, liver, or both.arrow_forwardDuring gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have to be bypassed. The first step is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Which of the following statement is false regarding the reaction step? Select one: a. Conversion of oxaloacetate from pyruvate occurs in mitochondria and shuttled into the cytosol. b. Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate requires both ATP and GTP as an energy source. c. Acetyl CoA is an activator of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. d. This reaction involves two-step process catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinasearrow_forward
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