Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) in glycolysis.
Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
(b)
Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) in glycogenolysis.
Concept introduction: Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
(c)
Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) when glycogen glucose unit is converted to glucose.
Concept introduction: Glucose is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
(d)
Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) when glycogen glucose unit is converted to lactate.
Concept introduction: Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to
Lactate dehydrogenase enzymes convert pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.
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EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Define the following terms:a. glycolysisb. pentose phosphate pathwayc. gluconeogenesisd. glycogenolysise. glycogenesisarrow_forwardWhich of the following is the third step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate c. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate e. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate f. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate h. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate i. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate j. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatearrow_forwardGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase is used to do which of the following steps of glycolysis Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate b. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate c. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate d. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate e. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate f. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate h. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate i. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate j. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvatearrow_forward
- Which of the following is the ninth step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate b. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate c. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate d. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate f. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate h. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate i. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate j. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphatearrow_forwardHexokinase is used to do which of the following steps of glycolysis? Select one: a. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate b. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate c. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate e. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate f. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate g. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate h. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate i. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate j. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphatearrow_forwardDuring gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have to be bypassed. The first step is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Which of the following statement is false regarding the reaction step? Select one: a. Conversion of oxaloacetate from pyruvate occurs in mitochondria and shuttled into the cytosol. b. Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate requires both ATP and GTP as an energy source. c. Acetyl CoA is an activator of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. d. This reaction involves two-step process catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinasearrow_forward
- For each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________arrow_forwardDetermine the number of carbon atoms present and the the total number of phosphate groups present in each of these following intermediates of glycolysis: a. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate b. 3-Phosphoglyceratearrow_forwardWhich reactions of glycolysis can be reversed? Which are irreversible? What is the significance of the metabolically irreversible reactions?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is the fourth step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate b. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate c. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate e. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate f. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate h. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate i. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate j. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatearrow_forwardGlucose binds to glycogen phosphorylase and competitively inhibits the enzyme. What is the physiological advantage of this?arrow_forwardIllustrate the following processes and explain briefly and concisely:a. lactic acid formationb. glycolysisc. citric acid cycled. electron-transport chainarrow_forward
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