Concept explainers
Interpretation: To determine the “cargo” for
Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. ATP and NADH are produced along with pyruvate. The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:
Electron transfer chain is defined as a series of biochemical reactions in which the electrons and hydrogen ions
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 24 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- How many moles of H2 are used in the catalytic hydrogenation of one mole of a triglyceride derived from glycerol and equal portions of stearic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid?arrow_forwardWhat is the source of the glycerol in triacylglycerol synthesis?arrow_forwardGive the name of two Molecules of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate:arrow_forward
- What is the rationale for the inhibition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase by glucose 6- phosphate when glucose 1- phosphate is the product of the phosphorylase reaction?arrow_forwardWhat is the name of the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that can lead to muscle fatigue and why does this by-product cause muscle fatigue?arrow_forwardChoose the CORRECT sequence of glycine formation. transamination of 3-phosphoglycerate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of cysteine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transfer of the side-chain amino group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → oxidation of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → glycine transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate →transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycine oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate → transamination of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate → hydrolysis of 3-phosphoserine → transfer of the side-chain methylene group of serine to tetrahydrofolate → glycinearrow_forward
- How do the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase differ from each other?arrow_forwardPhosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong? b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information. c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?arrow_forwardName the molecules used for gluconeogenesis. What are the sources of these molecules? Under what conditions would gluconeogenesis occur?arrow_forward
- How is the glycerol 3-phosphate required for phosphatidate synthesis generated?arrow_forwardIn what condition and why is pyruvate converted to lactate?arrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/molarrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education