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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To indicate whether hexokinase is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
(b)
Interpretation: To indicate whether lactase is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
(c)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the hydrolysis reaction is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
(d)
Interpretation: To indicate whether the dehydration reaction is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:
From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.
a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage
b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage
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Chapter 24 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Match the description with the correct enzyme. Descriptions: a. Uses alpha-keto carboxylic acid as a substrate b. Directly transfers cytosolic reducing equivalents into the electron transport chain c. Its activity depends on magnesium ions Options (enzymes): A. Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase B. Succinate dehydrogenase C. Cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase D. Cytochrome oxidase E. Rubisco F. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexarrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. thiolytic cleavage b. ketogenesis c. ketone bodies d. α-oxidation e. ACCarrow_forwardIn order to function as a coenzyme, a derivative of pyridoxine (Vit. B6) is necessary. a.transamination b.Deamination by oxidation c. transamination as well as oxidative deamination are involved. d.The urea cycle is the fourth step.arrow_forward
- In the table below, choose the appropriate metabolic processes for each scenario: Metabolic Processes Process that Occurs in RBCs Process that Occurs Only in Liver Glycolysis A A Gluconeogenesis B B Beta Oxidation C C Ketogenesis D D Ketolysis E E Urea Formation F F Glyconeogenesis G Garrow_forwardDEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a) Gluconeogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Citric Acid Cycle Please explain this in-detailed and longer, thank you.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the third step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate b. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate c. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate e. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate f. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate h. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate i. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate j. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatearrow_forward
- In transamination reactions, which of the following is not a donor amino acid–acceptor α-keto acid pair? a. aspartate and pyruvate b. alanine and pyruvate c. glutamate and α-ketoglutarate d. aspartate and oxaloacetatearrow_forwardWhich of the following is the ninth step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate b. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate c. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate d. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate f. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate h. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate i. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate j. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphatearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding glucose is NOT true? a.)Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar b.)Glucose can be metabolized by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism c.)The normal blood glucose concentration is 4-7 mmol/l d.)A high blood glucose concentration is called hypoglycemiaarrow_forward
- The rate limiting and committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase B. Hexokinase C. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase D. Transketolasearrow_forwardA patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor Barrow_forwardIndicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway in the given conditions a. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 b. high malonyl CoA to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I C. Epinephrine to the activity og glycogen synthase d. high citrate to the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase e. high acetyl CoA to ketogenesisarrow_forward
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