Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
(b)
Interpretation: To indicate whether aldolase is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
(c)
Interpretation: To indicate whether fructose is associated with carbohydrate digestion or the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
(d)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are the biomolecules composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrate molecules are joined together by glycosidic linkage.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give the smallest units. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides contain many carbohydrate units that vary from 100 to 50,000 monosaccharide units.
In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down and is converted into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
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- Indicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway in the given conditions a. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 b. high malonyl CoA to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I C. Epinephrine to the activity og glycogen synthase d. high citrate to the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase e. high acetyl CoA to ketogenesisarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase d. dihydrolipoyl catalasearrow_forwardWhich of the following is the ninth step of glycolysis? Select one: a. Fructose-1,6 Bisphosphate is converted to Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate b. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate c. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate d. Dihydroxyacetone (Glycerone Phosphate) is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate f. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted 2-phosphoglycerate g. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate h. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate i. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate j. Glucose is converted to Glucose-6-phosphatearrow_forward
- A patient complains of painful muscle cramps when performing strenuous physical exercise. A muscle biopsy indicates a higher than normal concentration of muscle glycogen. a. Which enzyme of glycogen metabolism is affected? b. Discuss how the defect of this enzyme affects glycogen metabolism.arrow_forwardFor each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________arrow_forwardFive coenzymes are required by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the citric acid cycle that converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.a. Identify the coenzymes.b. Propose a mechanism for the reaction.arrow_forward
- A patient presenting in musty odour and hypopigmentation has also presented with high levels of phenyl pyruvate in their blood. Which enzyme is upregulated? A. Phenylalanine dehydrogenase B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase C. Transaminase D. Arginasearrow_forwardA patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor Barrow_forwardWhen transaminated, the three branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) form compounds that have the characteristic odor of maple syrup. An enzyme known as branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase converts these compounds into CoA esters. People who do not have this enzyme have the genetic disease known as maple syrup urine disease, so called because their urine smells like maple syrup. a. Draw the compounds that smell like maple syrup.b. Draw the CoA esters.c. Branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase has five coenzymes. Identify them.d. Suggest a way to treat maple syrup urine disease.arrow_forward
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